Molecular biological resolution of hindgut embryogenesis with a rescue program for anorectal malformations induced by retinoic acid in mice

在单独使用全反式维甲酸的胚胎中，超过95%的胚胎出现了ARM。然而，在同时使用ATRA和LE135的胚胎中，44%的胚胎显示直肠和肛门发育正常。因此，这些发现表明，RA受体拮抗剂通过抑制RA受体与维甲酸X受体形成异二聚体，从而阻止了上皮和间充质层之间的细胞信号通路的紊乱。

In the embryos administered ATRA only, over 95% demonstrated ARM. In the embryos administered both ATRA and LE135, however, 44% of the embryos demonstrated normal development of the rectum and anus. Therefore, these findings indicate that RA receptor antagonist prevents disturbance of the cell signaling pathway between the epithelium and the mesenchyme layers because RA receptor antagonist inhibits RA receptor from forming heterodimers with retinoid X receptors.