Direct observation of sintering mechanics of a single grain boundary

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Shrinkage in sintering is the result of the motion of many particles, which interact with their neighbors. A method to analyze the mechanics of sintering of a single grain boundary was developed by using specimens fabricated by focused ion beam micro-machining (FIB). This method determined the grain boundary energy and the grain boundary energy which are dependent on crystallographic orientation. The microscopic sintering force acting between two particles was used to develop the concept of sintering stress tensor in macroscopic continuum mechanics of sintering. This model predicted the effect of the local microstructure on anisotropic shrinkage, and the tensor virial equation of evolving surfaces in sintering of aggregates of particles was proposed.