Nutrient sensing and signaling mechanisms of hepatic and intestinal autophagy

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Autophagy is a ubiquitous, intracellular system to degrade and recycle cellular components. The nutritional regulation of autophagy was investigated in rat hepatoma H4-II-E cells and gastrointestinal tracts. Especially, the mechanism of regulation, various signaling mechanisms of each amino acid was proved to be ROS-dependent and -independent. Arginine uses NO pathway and mTOR-independent. The level of mRNA of LC3 molecule, an autophagy marker, and related Atg genes regulated by amino acids was discovered. Anti-oxidative food components, epigallocathecin gallate and resveratrol, stimulated autophagy. Finally, the relationship of amino acid regulation of autophagy with sirtuins, an anti-aging gene, were investigated.