Mechanism of flowering-phenology formation in plant communities: functional evaluation of plant-pollinator interactions

在新西兰的高山生态系统中，完全缺乏社会性蜜蜂，苍蝇是大多数高山植物的主要授粉者。开花物种之间的重叠是大的，个别物种的开花模式不清楚在新西兰高山社区相比，日本高山生态系统中，社会蜜蜂是主要的传粉者。由于苍蝇的觅食活动没有表现出明显的季节性趋势，由于其机会主义的生命周期，自然选择开花物候可能不强，在新西兰生态系统。此外，花的形态和颜色的差异显着较低的新西兰高山生态系统。这些结果表明，社会蜜蜂的情况下，可能会导致不同的选择力在花的进化在新西兰高山生态系统。

In New-Zealand alpine ecosystems, social bees are completely lacking and flies are major pollinators for most alpine plants. Flowering overlaps among species were large and flowering patterns of individual species were unclear in NZ alpine communities in comparison with Japanese alpine ecosystems in which social bees are major pollinators. Because foraging activity of flies did not show clear seasonal trend due to their opportunistic lifecycle, natural selection on flowering phenology might be not strong in NZ ecosystems. Furthermore, diversities of floral morphology and color were significantly lower in NZ alpine ecosystems. These results indicate that absence of social bees might cause different selective forces in floral evolution in NZ alpine ecosystems.