Reverce Electrodialysis system using hydrophilic ion exchange membranes having heterolytic crosslinking structure

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The RED test system consists of cation exchange membranes and anion exchange membranes that are piled in an alternating between a cathode and an anode.The open circuit voltage and the maximum power density (Pmax) of the RED system increase with increasing the salt concentration ratio (r) between the simulated sea and river water solutions. It is due to the higher r leads to the high electromotive force across the CEMs and AEMs. However, the overhigh r value leads to the higher electrical resistance at the simulated river water side due to the lower salt concentration. Thus, Pmax decreases with increasing r value. Pmax has a maximum value of 0.4 W/m2 when r=15-20. The large RED system converted from commercially available ED stacks is also evaluated. The large RED system indicates similar behavior with that of small stacks.