Ideas of social policy based on a new citizenship: rethinking the concept "universalism" and "reciprocity"

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We reexamined the ideas of social policy, especially the key concept "universalism", "reciprocity" and "citizenship", from the viewpoint of a critical social policy theory in the UK that consider the difference and identity of the vulnerable people.Although the social policy (social assistance, family allownce and unemployment policy) in Japan and some developed countries attach great importance to Work, these social security systems are characterized as the payment for the engagement to Work or Activity depend on ability. These are the policies that depend on the universality in a restrictive meaning and the reciprocity to let the Right and the Duty in a personal.