Influence of cosmic-rays on their host galaxies and clusters of galaxies

宇宙射线影响着星系和星系团的演化。我在一个统一的框架下研究了宇宙射线在星系和星系团中的加速和扩散以及它们对周围环境的影响。本研究的主要结果如下。(1)在星系中，大多数宇宙射线在超新星遗迹中被加速。在它们扩散到星际空间的过程中，它们激发了等离子体波，这些波与宇宙射线相互作用并延迟了它们的扩散。(2)在星系团中，宇宙射线在活动星系核的中心被加速。它们沿着等离子体波在团内气体中传播，并广泛加热气体。

Cosmic-rays affect the evolution of galaxies and clusters of galaxies. I studied the acceleration and diffusion of cosmic-rays in galaxies and clusters as well as their influence on the surrounding environment in a unified framework. The main results of this study are given as follows. (1) In galaxies, most cosmic-rays are accelerated at supernova remnants. During their diffusion into interstellar space, they excite plasma waves, which interact cosmic-rays and delay their diffusion. (2) In clusters, cosmic-rays are accelerated at the central AGNs. They propagate in intracluster gas along with plasma waves and widely heat the gas.