Seed dormancy of northern landscaping plants requiring two winters from seed dispersal to shoot emergence above ground.

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We revealed the germination characteristics of seeds of Convallaria keiskei and Maianthemum dilatatum, which are promising species as landscape materials in northern Japan, by laboratory and outdoor experiments. In both species, seeds were dispersed in October outdoors, roots emerged from seeds in next June or July, and shoot emerged in May two years later of seed dispersal. This means seeds require about 20 months including two winter from seed dispersal to shoot emergence. Embryos in seeds immediately after dispersal were small and developed at the almost coincidentally with root emergence from seeds functioning as haustorium absorbing nutrition from endosperm. In both seeds, percentages of radicle emergence increased by cold stratification but alternating temperatures and light inhibit them.