Regulatory mechanisms in pupal color development of some butterflies

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OPIF-like activity was fractionated as one peak by C18-HPLC using ligatured abdomens of V. cardui pharate pupae. Purification steps for OPIF may be decided although the primary structure of OPIF was not determined. To understand the regulatory mechanism underlying the control of pupal coloration in 4 butterflies, the effect of environmental cues on diapause and/or non-diapause pupal coloration is investigated. In P. machaon, at least two hormonal factors producing brown-white pupae are located in the larval central nervous system, with the secretion of these factors being regulated by the recognition of environmental cues in long-day larvae. In B. alcinous, temperature and humidity experienced after a gut purge are the main factors that affect the diapause pupal coloration. In Po. c-aureum, the pupal color polyphenism is co-regulated by mainly temperature and a small degree photoperiod. Green pupae of P. bianor were mainly produced by a larval food smell and highly relative humidity.