The Rise of the Republican Party: The Experience of German Forty-Eighers and their Turner Clubs in the United States

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The political upheaval of 1848 in the United States which produced the Free-Soilers was explained as a beginning to the Civil War. From the view of global history, however, we can emphasize the role of a mechanism which was operated in the Atlantic Ocean from the middle of the 18th century to the middle of the 19th century, as a transplanting and accumulating system of European liberalism to the peripheries such as the United States. The anti-slavery movements in the United States were especially instituted by the mechanism. In fact, when we look at the realignment processes of the political parties to the Republican Party in the 1850s, we deeply realize that the political refugees of 1848 revolutions in Europe to the United States, especially, the German Forty-Eighters and their Turner movements were influential to a great degree.