Time domain transmissiometry (TDT) for measuring soil moisture and electrical conductivity

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To establish a method to determine soil moisture and bulk soil electrical conductivity (EC) using Time domain transmissiometory (TDT), we investigated the dielectric properties of soils in wide microwave frequency and performed calibration experiments using a TDT system we designed. We also developed a low-cost TDT system and verified its performance. While the system performed very well in moderately conductive soils, limitations for highly conductive soils as well as for soils with less conductive soils. An empirical relationship between the maximum slope of the TDT waveform and the bulk EC was developed to improve measurement capabilities in the soils.