Comparative study on the management of divided governments in parliamentary systems

在德国和日本，政党的分裂对政府分裂的频率有影响。在保守党的统治下，分裂的政府并不经常出现。当政党制度变得更加分散时，分裂的政府出现得更加频繁。日本和德国在分裂政府下的立法程序是不同的。在德国，与统一政府相比，反对党更倾向于在分裂政府下投票支持政府提案。相反，日本在野党利用其在参议院的封锁权，倾向于阻止政府提案的通过。

Configurations of political parties have an effect on frequencies of divided government in Germany and Japan. Under the Conservative's dominance, the divided governments did not appear so often. When the party systems became more fragmented, divided governments appeared more frequently. The legislation process under divided governments differed in Japan and Germany. In Germany, the opposition parties tend to vote for the government-sponsored bills under the divided governments than the unified governments. On the contrary, Japanese opposition parties, exploiting their blockade power in the House of Councilors, incline to block passage of government-sponsored bills.