Long-term inverse modeling of trans-boundary transported air pollutants over East Asia

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Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in China in 2005-2010 were estimated by an inverse modeling, estimated by an inverse modeling, vertical CO profiles derived from satellite and a tagged CO simulation. Inversion results were validated with independent in situ observations. Modeling with a posteriori emission successfully reproduced CO outflow from the continent during winter and spring, and compensated for underestimates in central and eastern China in summer. A posteriori emissions showed large seasonal variations in which December and March emissions were on average 23% larger than August emissions, consistent with other studies. Estimated Chinese CO emissions were 184.4, 173.1, 184.6, 158.4, 157.4, and 157.3 Tg/year for 2005-2010. The decrease after 2007 is partly attributed to Chinese socioeconomic conditions. The inverse modeling system developed in this study is also applied to other pollutants (e.g., Cs-137 emitted by the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident).