Environmental Impact from Urban Activities

城市中有许多可能的环境影响来源。本研究将城市的各种活动分为四类，并对札幌市的人类活动进行了能量消耗估算，这是LCA研究中使用的主要环境负荷指标之一。本研究定义的四组是：(A)家庭活动，(B)工业和商业活动，(C)交通运输，(D)环境污染控制设施。公民的生活，A，是由后三者支持的。水处理、污水处理和固体废物管理是d的主要组成部分。能源消耗计算了生命周期阶段：建设、维护、运营和废物管理。收集了其他研究者发表的研究成果，收集了相关数据，并对城市管理部门的许多部门进行了访谈。总能源消耗相当于每人每年消耗1400升汽油。四组的比例分别为交通运输44%、家庭36%、工业和商业15%、环境污染控制9%。在D组中，固体废物管理的消耗最高，为63%，其次是污水处理，占31%，废物处理占6%。由于固体废物管理的影响最大，因此开发了一个模拟市政废物管理的计算机程序，该程序可以计算成本，能源消耗和从家庭到垃圾填埋场的废物分类产生的二氧化碳。评估了废物管理政策的可能方案。

There are many possible sources of environmental impact in a city. In this study, all kinds of activities in urban area were categorized into four groups, and energy consumption, which is one of the major index of environmental load used in LCA research, was estimated for human activities in a city of Sapporo.The four groups defined in this research are : (A) household activity, (B) industrial & commercial activity , (C) transportation, and (D)environmental pollution control facilities. Citizen's life, A, are supported by the latter three. Water treatment, sewage water treatment, and solid waste management are major components of D.Energy consummations were calculated for life cycle stages : construction, maintenance, operation, and waste management. Published research results by other researchers, related statistics are collected, and many sectors of city authority were interviewed.Total energy consumption is equivalent to 1400 liter of gasoline per person a year. Ratios of the four groups are transportation 44 %, household 36%, industrial & commercial 15%, and environmental pollution control 9 %, In the group D, solid waste management has the highest consumption : 63%, followed by sewage water treatment of 31 % and waste treatment of 6%.Because solid waste management has the highest impact, a computer program to simulate waste management by municipality was developed, The program can compute cost, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide generation through waste separation at households to landfill. Possible scenarios of waste management policies were evaluated.