Environmental Impact from Urban Activities

在一个城市中，有许多可能的环境影响来源。本研究将城市中的各类活动划分为四类，并对札幌市人类活动的能耗进行了估算，这是生命周期评价研究中使用的环境负荷的主要指标之一。公民的生活，A，是由后三个人支撑的。水处理、污水处理和固体废物管理是D的主要组成部分。计算了生命周期各阶段的能源消耗：建设、维护、运营和废物管理。发表了其他研究人员的研究成果，收集了相关统计数据，并采访了城市当局的多个部门。总能耗相当于每人每年1400升汽油。在D组中，固体废物管理的消耗最高：63%，其次是污水处理，61%，垃圾处理6%。由于固体废物管理的影响最大，开发了一个模拟市政废物管理的计算机程序，该程序可以计算从家庭到垃圾填埋场的垃圾分类的成本、能源消耗和二氧化碳产生。评估了废物管理政策的可能情景。

There are many possible sources of environmental impact in a city. In this study, all kinds of activities in urban area were categorized into four groups, and energy consumption, which is one of the major index of environmental load used in LCA research, was estimated for human activities in a city of Sapporo.The four groups defined in this research are : (A) household activity, (B) industrial & commercial activity , (C) transportation, and (D)environmental pollution control facilities. Citizen's life, A, are supported by the latter three. Water treatment, sewage water treatment, and solid waste management are major components of D.Energy consummations were calculated for life cycle stages : construction, maintenance, operation, and waste management. Published research results by other researchers, related statistics are collected, and many sectors of city authority were interviewed.Total energy consumption is equivalent to 1400 liter of gasoline per person a year. Ratios of the four groups are transportation 44 %, household 36%, industrial & commercial 15%, and environmental pollution control 9 %, In the group D, solid waste management has the highest consumption : 63%, followed by sewage water treatment of 31 % and waste treatment of 6%.Because solid waste management has the highest impact, a computer program to simulate waste management by municipality was developed, The program can compute cost, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide generation through waste separation at households to landfill. Possible scenarios of waste management policies were evaluated.