Environmental Impact from Urban Activities

一个城市的环境影响有许多可能的来源。在本研究中，将城市地区的各种活动分为四类，并估算了札幌市的人类活动的能源消耗，这是LCA研究中使用的环境负荷的主要指标之一。（A）家庭活动，（B）工商业活动，（C）交通运输，（D）环境污染控制设施。公民的生活，A，是由后三者支撑的。水处理、污水处理和固体废物管理是D的主要组成部分。计算了生命周期阶段的能耗：施工、维护、运营和废物管理。通过其他研究者发表的研究成果、收集的相关统计数据以及对城市当局多个部门的采访，得出了每人每年的能源消耗总量相当于1400升汽油。四组的比例分别为交通运输44%、家庭36%、工商业15%、环境污染控制9%。D组中，固体废物管理的消耗量最高：63%，其次是污水处理31%和废物处理6%。由于固体废物管理的影响最大，开发了一个计算机程序来模拟市政当局的废物管理，该程序可以计算从家庭到垃圾填埋场的废物分类的成本、能源消耗和二氧化碳产生。对废物管理政策的可能设想进行了评估。

There are many possible sources of environmental impact in a city. In this study, all kinds of activities in urban area were categorized into four groups, and energy consumption, which is one of the major index of environmental load used in LCA research, was estimated for human activities in a city of Sapporo.The four groups defined in this research are : (A) household activity, (B) industrial & commercial activity , (C) transportation, and (D)environmental pollution control facilities. Citizen's life, A, are supported by the latter three. Water treatment, sewage water treatment, and solid waste management are major components of D.Energy consummations were calculated for life cycle stages : construction, maintenance, operation, and waste management. Published research results by other researchers, related statistics are collected, and many sectors of city authority were interviewed.Total energy consumption is equivalent to 1400 liter of gasoline per person a year. Ratios of the four groups are transportation 44 %, household 36%, industrial & commercial 15%, and environmental pollution control 9 %, In the group D, solid waste management has the highest consumption : 63%, followed by sewage water treatment of 31 % and waste treatment of 6%.Because solid waste management has the highest impact, a computer program to simulate waste management by municipality was developed, The program can compute cost, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide generation through waste separation at households to landfill. Possible scenarios of waste management policies were evaluated.