Studies on appearance of light responses and generation of synapses during retinal formation.

在目前的研究中，使用一个新的视网膜再生系统，我们试图描述视网膜神经元和光响应的出现之间的合成形成过程。我们首先分析了正常视网膜中神经元的光线响应，通过切片补丁技术作为对再生视网膜中检测这些神经元的控制。Spike-generating （spiking）神经元，包括amacrine和ganglion细胞具有非NMDA和NMDA类型的谷氨酸、GABAA和甘氨酸受体。在amacrine细胞中的光引起的后同步电流是异常和抑制成分的总和。The inhibitory post-synaptic currents were mostly glycinergic.然后，我们研究了细胞在retinal regeneration期间的内部膜特性的发展。Retinal Progenator细胞在1-to-2细胞中，有大量的再生视网膜素（早期阶段），它们通过缺口关节牢固地耦合到每个其他细胞。Voltage-activated Na D1+ D1 currents underlying excitability of neurons were first detected from cells （possibly） ... More ganglion cells）在synaptic layers （intermediate-II阶段）之前的大多数proximal margin of several cells thick regenerating retinas（intermediate-II阶段）。Properties of the NaイイD1+イエD1 currents were， however， different from those in the normal retina.Subsequently， we examined expression of neurotransmitter receptors in spiking neurons during regeneration。谷氨酸、GABAA和糖受体的非NMDA类型在中间-II阶段表示，并在进一步再生期间增加。在另一方面，谷氨酸受体的NMDA类型在合成隔离的开始（中间-III阶段）中被表达。一种神经发射器、谷氨酸盐的外观，是由免疫组织化学进行的实验。它出现在中间-II阶段的黑猩猩细胞和照相机，在中间-III阶段的双极细胞。在恒河细胞和摄影师中，谷氨酸的数量似乎在中间阶段-第三阶段增加。在未来，我们将确定当神经元和光线响应恢复之间的同步传输时。Less（低）

In the present study, using a newt retinal regeneration system, we attempted describing the process of synapse formation between retinal neurons and appearance of light responses. We first analyzed light responses of neurons in the normal retina by a slice-patch technique as a control for investigating those in regenerating retinas. Spike-generating (spiking) neurons including amacrine and ganglion cells had non-NMDA and NMDA types of glutamate, GABAA and glycine receptors. Light-evoked post-synaptic currents in amacrine cells were the sum of excitatory and inhibitory components. The inhibitory post-synaptic currents were mostly glycinergic.Then, we examined development of intrinsic membrane properties of cells during retinal regeneration. Retinal progenitor cells in 1-to-2 cells thick regenerating retinas (early stage) strongly coupled to each other through gap junctions. Voltage-activated NaィイD1+ィエD1 currents underlying excitability of neurons were first detected from cells (possibly … More ganglion cells) along the most proximal margin of several cells thick regenerating retinas before apparent segregation of synaptic layers (intermediate-II stage). Properties of the NaィイD1+ィエD1 currents were, however, different from those in the normal retina.Subsequently, we examined expression of neurotransmitter receptors in spiking neurons during regeneration. Non-NMDA type of glutamate, GABAA and glycine receptors expressed at the intermediate-II stage, and increased during further regeneration. On the other hand, NMDA type of glutamate receptors expressed at the beginning of synaptic segregation (intermediate-III stage). Appearance of a neurotransmitter, glutamate, was examined by immunohistochemistry. It appeared in ganglion cells and photoreceptors at the intermediate-II stage, and in bipolar cells at the intermediate-III stage. Amount of glutamate in ganglion cells and photoreceptors seemed to increase temporarily at the intermediate-III stage. In future, we will determine when synaptic transmissions occur between neurons and light responses restore. Less