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Influences of storm waves and p squalls during a typhoon: A study of the distribution of atmospheric sea-salt and vapor in a sub-tropical region.

台风期间风暴波和飑的影响：亚热带地区大气海盐和水蒸气分布的研究。

基本信息

批准号：
09450189
负责人：
NAKAZA Eizo
金额：
$ 3.33万
依托单位：
University of the Ryukyus
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
1997
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1997 至 1998
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

The concentration of wind-borne sea-salt in the atmosphere, the amount of rainfall and the concentration of sea-salt contained in the rain during typhoons were investigated in this research project and the following general results were obtained.1) The amount of sea-salt carried inland by a squall was found to be almost equal to that carried directly by storm sea winds. As the distance inland from the coast increased, the amount of wind-borne sea-salt decreased exponentially at any given height above ground level. In contrast to this, the quantity of sea-salt carried by a squall remained relatively stable, even as the landward distance increased. For any given period of rainfall during a typhoon, the concentration of sea-salt contained in the rainfall in its initial period is over ten times the quantity of that in its middle period, which is about ten times the quantity contained in rainfall on a cold/warm front.2) In weather forecasting, concerning wind and sea-salt mass, an accurate … More typhoon model is essential. In order to create an accurate typhoon model, accurate wind data should be taken from over a wide area, both horizontally and vertically. A new prediction model of a typhoon wind field has been proposed, based on data obtained from the successful observation of an ultra-typhoon.3) It is believed that the vapor quantity in the atmosphere above the sea in the surf-zone exceeds the quantity given off by tropical forests. In this research project, evidence of this was produced quantitatively. This cannot hitherto be confirmed, however, due to a lack of measured data. The observed data shows that the diffusion of vapor supplied by wind-blown seawater spray from the surf zone is limited in the region of the surface boundary layer. The quantity of the sea-salt contained in the atmosphere decreases as the landward distance from the shore increases. This is due to the filter effect of the vegetation, generally forest and sugar cane, which can reach a height of up to 10m, and acts as a windbreak. In contrast to this, the quantity of vapor actually increases. This is explained as follows. As the seawater spray, produced by the breaking waves, is blown inland, it accumulates on the vegetation. These accumulated drops of seawater spray evaporate and vapor is released into the atmosphere. The grains of sea-salt, however, remain attached to the leaves. As a result, the sea-salt contained in the atmosphere over the region of vegetation decreases. Less

本研究项目对大气中风载海盐浓度、台风期间降雨量和雨中海盐浓度进行了调查，得到了以下一般性结果。1）暴风雨携带的海盐量几乎等于暴风海风直接携带的海盐量。随着内陆距海岸距离的增加，在任何给定的地面高度上，风载海盐的量呈指数下降。与此相反，即使向陆地的距离增加，飑携带的海盐数量仍保持相对稳定。台风期间任意一段降雨，初期降雨中海盐浓度是中期降雨量的10倍以上，大约是冷暖锋降雨量的10倍。2）在天气预报中，关于风和海盐质量，准确的台风模型至关重要。为了创建准确的台风模型，应该从大范围的水平和垂直方向获取准确的风力数据。基于成功观测超台风的数据，提出了一种新的台风风场预测模型。3)认为，冲浪区海面大气中的水汽量超过了热带森林的水汽量。在这个研究项目中，定量地提供了这方面的证据。然而，由于缺乏测量数据，这一点迄今为止还无法得到证实。观测数据表明，来自海浪区的风吹海水喷雾提供的水蒸气扩散仅限于表面边界层区域。随着距海岸向陆地距离的增加，大气中所含海盐的数量减少。这是由于植被（一般是森林和甘蔗）的过滤作用，其高度可达10m，起到防风林的作用。与此相反，蒸汽量实际上增加了。对此进行如下解释。当波浪产生的海水雾气被吹向内陆时，它会积聚在植被上。这些积累的海水喷雾滴蒸发，蒸汽释放到大气中。然而，海盐颗粒仍然附着在叶子上。结果，植被区域大气中所含的海盐减少。较少的