Influences of storm waves and p squalls during a typhoon: A study of the distribution of atmospheric sea-salt and vapor in a sub-tropical region.

本研究项目对台风期间大气中风载海盐浓度、降雨量和雨中海盐浓度进行了研究，得到了以下一般性结果：人们发现，由暴风携带到内陆的海盐量几乎等于由风暴海风直接携带的海盐量。随着内陆离海岸的距离增加，风载海盐的数量在高于地面的任何给定高度呈指数级下降。与此形成对比的是，即使向陆地移动的距离增加，暴风携带的海盐数量仍然相对稳定。在台风期间任何一段时间的降雨中，台风初期的降雨所含的海盐浓度是台风中期的十倍以上，大约是冷锋/暖锋降雨所含海盐浓度的十倍。在天气预报中，关于风和海盐质量，一个准确的台风模型是必不可少的。为了建立一个准确的台风模型，准确的风数据应该从一个广泛的区域，包括水平和垂直。根据一次超强台风的成功观测资料，提出了一种新的台风风场预报模式。3)据信，在海面以上的大气中，在海浪带的蒸气量超过了热带森林释放的量。在这个研究项目中，量化地证明了这一点。然而，由于缺乏测量数据，这一点迄今无法得到证实。观测数据表明，风吹海水喷雾提供的水汽在海面边界层区域的扩散受到限制。大气中所含海盐的量随着离海岸的距离增加而减少。这是由于植被的过滤作用，一般是森林和甘蔗，它们可以达到高达10米的高度，并起到防风林的作用。与此相反，水蒸气的数量实际上是增加的。这一点解释如下。当破碎的海浪产生的海水喷雾被吹向内陆时，它在植被上积聚。这些积聚的海水水滴蒸发，水蒸气被释放到大气中。然而，海盐颗粒仍然附着在叶子上。因此，植被区上空大气中所含的海盐减少。少

The concentration of wind-borne sea-salt in the atmosphere, the amount of rainfall and the concentration of sea-salt contained in the rain during typhoons were investigated in this research project and the following general results were obtained.1) The amount of sea-salt carried inland by a squall was found to be almost equal to that carried directly by storm sea winds. As the distance inland from the coast increased, the amount of wind-borne sea-salt decreased exponentially at any given height above ground level. In contrast to this, the quantity of sea-salt carried by a squall remained relatively stable, even as the landward distance increased. For any given period of rainfall during a typhoon, the concentration of sea-salt contained in the rainfall in its initial period is over ten times the quantity of that in its middle period, which is about ten times the quantity contained in rainfall on a cold/warm front.2) In weather forecasting, concerning wind and sea-salt mass, an accurate … More typhoon model is essential. In order to create an accurate typhoon model, accurate wind data should be taken from over a wide area, both horizontally and vertically. A new prediction model of a typhoon wind field has been proposed, based on data obtained from the successful observation of an ultra-typhoon.3) It is believed that the vapor quantity in the atmosphere above the sea in the surf-zone exceeds the quantity given off by tropical forests. In this research project, evidence of this was produced quantitatively. This cannot hitherto be confirmed, however, due to a lack of measured data. The observed data shows that the diffusion of vapor supplied by wind-blown seawater spray from the surf zone is limited in the region of the surface boundary layer. The quantity of the sea-salt contained in the atmosphere decreases as the landward distance from the shore increases. This is due to the filter effect of the vegetation, generally forest and sugar cane, which can reach a height of up to 10m, and acts as a windbreak. In contrast to this, the quantity of vapor actually increases. This is explained as follows. As the seawater spray, produced by the breaking waves, is blown inland, it accumulates on the vegetation. These accumulated drops of seawater spray evaporate and vapor is released into the atmosphere. The grains of sea-salt, however, remain attached to the leaves. As a result, the sea-salt contained in the atmosphere over the region of vegetation decreases. Less