The study on the Foundation and Background of the Commercial Cities in the Mediterranean

本研究的目的是比较欧洲和中东地中海地区商业城市的建立，重点是行会制度。通过对阿勒颇、开罗和达米埃塔的实地考察，我们对这些行会的社会功能进行了研究，并对这些行会的社会功能进行了分析，认为这些行会的社会功能是由社会功能和社会功能的不同决定的，而社会功能的不同又决定了行会的社会功能和社会功能的不同（伊斯兰世界的传统市场）密集，通过采访苏格和商会的人，收集古代宫廷文书、历史文献等有价值的资料，在行会这一研究的主题上，我们重点研究了中国古代的行会制度，伊斯兰工匠和商人的合作。与欧洲同业公会不同的是，爱尔兰同业公会一直根植于市场之中，从未独立行使过政治和经济权力。它与Hisba和Muhtasib机构密切相关。伊斯兰世界的行会与欧洲完全不同。因此，地中海北部（欧洲）和南部（伊斯兰世界）行会性质和功能的差异，是文化和社会结构差异的反映之一。

The purpose of this study is to compare about the foundation of the commercial cities in the Mediterranean between Europe and the Middle East, focusing on the institution of guild. It also aims at making clearer the difference of the roles and functions of the guilds and that of the societies in which the guilds are situated.In the field research in Aleppo, Cairo, and Damietta, our team has made a research on the suq(traditional market in Islamic world) intensively, by interviewing the people in the suq and in the Chamber of Commerce, and collecting the valuable materials such as the ancient texts of the court records and the historical documents on this subject.On the subject of the guild, which is the main theme of this study, we have focused on the Hirfa,I.e., Islamic cooperation of the artisans and merchants. Being different from the European guilds, Hirfa has been embedded in the market and never exercised the political and economic power independently. It was closely related with the institutions of Hisba and Muhtasib. Guild in Islamic world is totally different from that in Europe. Therefore, the difference of the nature and functions of the guild between the north of the Mediterranean(Europe) and the south(Islamic world) is one of the reflection of the difference of the culture and the structure of societies.