Interaction of ambient ammonia and endotoxins with airborne and human nasal microbiome diversity in communities near large-scale poultry feeding operations

项目摘要/摘要 由于全国家禽消费的增加，特大型家禽饲养的建设 俄克拉荷马州东北部的行动(PFO)进展迅速。俄克拉荷马州农业委员会 批准了一项对PFO施加地域限制的挫折规则。这条规则并不那么严格 比之前提出的倒退立法，并不是基于经验的暴露数据。自从这条规则 自2019年9月15日起，将新建相当数量的加油站，或扩建现有加油站， 在几年内。因此，对受影响社区的环境健康问题的调查是 急需之物。随之而来的新的PFO建设浪潮为 在采购新的PFO之前，对环境暴露和微生物群进行基线评估，遵循 在家禽饲养周期的关键时刻进行纵向后评估。PFO会将污染物排放到 周围的大气会改变环境和人体的鼻部微生物群。最常见的 家禽环境排放的空气污染物是氨和内毒素，后者是由 家禽下脚料的生产作业、粪便储存和土地铺展。氨气是一种气味难闻的气体 粪便和身体厌氧分解的结果。大量研究发现有证据表明 暴露在氨中会刺激眼睛、鼻子和上呼吸道的粘膜， 导致呼吸道疾病。类似地，内毒素，一种细菌外膜的内毒素 革兰氏阴性菌是一种无味成分，会导致呼吸道炎症，并发挥 在农业社区所经历的不良呼吸道影响中起着重要作用。然而，两者之间的联系 来自PFO的空气污染物和使用鼻部微生物组的相关生物影响尚未得到 在基于社区的参与性研究中进行了调查。在这项研究中，我们将调查影响因素和 影响污染水平的机制，以调节PFO对居民健康的潜在影响 呼吸系统。我们的中心假设是，住得离新的PFO更近的人会有更高的 环境暴露水平，这反过来又会改变鼻部微生物群模式。这一次的两个目标- 敏感的R21是1)评估空气中氨的水平和内毒素颗粒的大小分布作为 居民接近PFO的功能和2)评估分类群落之间的相互作用 被污染的空气和人类鼻部微生物群中的微生物群的组成。这样做的结果 这项研究将加强目前对空气中污染物水平升高的机制的理解 来自PFO的污染物会改变空气中微生物群的组成，最终影响呼吸健康 通过改变鼻部微生物群的组成和功能。环境元基因组学 从这个独特的队列中纵向收集的数据将为未来的研究提供支持，使用新的多 组学方法。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Due to the increase in poultry consumption nationally, the construction of mega-sized poultry feeding operations (PFO) in northeast Oklahoma is proceeding rapidly. The Oklahoma State Board of Agriculture approved a setback rule that imposes geographic restrictions on PFO. This rule, which is much less stringent than the previously proposed setback legislation, is not based on empirical exposure data. Since the rule went into effect on September 15, 2019, a substantial number of new PFO will be built, or existing PFO expanded, within a couple of years. Thus, an investigation of environmental health concerns in the affected community is urgently needed. The wave of new PFO construction that will ensue provides a time-sensitive opportunity for a baseline assessment of environmental exposures and microbiomes before the new PFO are stocked, followed by longitudinal post-assessments at critical times in the poultry raising cycle. PFO emit contaminants into the ambient atmosphere that can change the environmental and human nasal microbiome. The most common airborne contaminants emitted from poultry environments are ammonia and endotoxin, which is generated by production operations, manure storage, and land spreading of poultry litter. Ammonia is an odorous gas that results from the anaerobic decomposition of manure and carcasses. Numerous studies have found evidence that exposure to ammonia can irritate the eyes, nose, and mucous membranes in the upper respiratory tract, causing respiratory diseases. Similarly, endotoxin, the lipopolysaccharide part of the outer membrane of a gram-negative bacteria, is an odorless component that contributes to airway inflammation and plays a significant role in the adverse respiratory effects experienced in agricultural communities. Yet, the link between airborne contaminants from PFO and the related biological impact using a nasal microbiome have not been investigated in community-based participatory research. In this study, we will investigate the factors and mechanisms contributing to contamination levels to modulate the potential impact of PFO on residents' respiratory systems. Our central hypothesis is that living closer to a new PFO will be associated with a higher level of environmental exposure, which in turn will alter nasal microbiome patterns. The two goals of this time- sensitive R21 are 1) to assess levels of ammonia and size distribution of endotoxin particles in the air as a function of the resident's proximity to PFO and 2) to assess the interaction between the taxonomic community composition of the microbiota in the contaminated air and in the human nasal microbiome. The results of this study will enhance the current understanding of the mechanisms by which elevated levels of airborne contaminants from PFO alter the composition of the microbiota in air, eventually impacting respiratory health through changes in the composition and function of the nasal microbiome. The environmental metagenomics data longitudinally collected from this unique cohort will provide support for future studies using novel multi- omics approaches.