MHz rate mulTiple prOjection X-ray MicrOSCOPY

现代使能技术，如航空航天和汽车工业中使用的增材制造或空化喷丸，缺乏诊断工具。迄今为止，人们不能提供有关的快速过程的体积信息。该项目的实现将打破目前快速4D X射线显微镜的三个数量级的限制。将有可能首次以微米级分辨率对速度高达~km/s的动态进行可视化和定性。代替样品旋转，我们将生成多个X射线探头，并围绕样品虚拟旋转它们，以通过单次曝光同时获得多个角度视图。使用具有非常高亮度的现代X射线源，每个这样的3D帧可以在同步加速器处以kHz速率采样，并且甚至在X射线自由电子激光源处以MHz速率采样。这将解锁对速度前所未有的过程的4D观察。以MHz速率对不透明样品进行4D成像，可以深入了解一系列部门和行业。在空蚀喷丸中，一种与航空航天和新材料相关的工业现象，由于其高速，我们没有体积信息。这一突破将通过建造一个原型来实现，该原型将在欧洲XFEL展示MHz速率断层扫描，利用世界上独一无二的欧洲实验室为行业带来好处。在不透明样品中观察MHz快速现象使一个全新的研究分支成为可能，到目前为止，这种快速现象的所有部门都有可能留给模拟和推测。对于工业和社会来说，它将为几种技术的开发和管理开辟新的可能性，包括激光驱动增材制造、冲击波、断裂、蒸发、轻合金冶金、快速流体动力学和空化现象。

Modern enabling technologies, such as additive manufacturing or cavitation peening used in the aerospace and automotive industries, suffer from a lack of diagnostic tools. To date, one cannot provide relevant volumetric information about the fast processes involved. The realization of this project will break the current limits in fast, 4D X-ray microscopy by three orders of magnitude. It will be possible to visualize and characterize dynamics reaching velocities up to ~km/s for the first time with micron-scale resolutions. Instead of sample rotation, we will generate multiple X-ray probes and virtually rotate them around the sample to obtain with a single exposure multiple angular views simultaneously. Using modern X-ray sources with very high brilliance, each such 3D frame may be sampled at kHz rates at synchrotrons and even MHz rates at X-ray free-electron laser sources. This will unlock access to 4D observation of processes with velocities never before possible. 4D imaging of opaque samples at MHz rates enables insights across a range of sectors and industries. In cavitation peening, an industrially relevant phenomenon for aerospace and new materials, we have no volumetric information, due to its high speed. This breakthrough will be achieved by the construction of a prototype that will demonstrate MHz rate tomoscopy at the European XFEL, taking advantage of world-unique European laboratories for the benefit of industry. Observing MHz-fast phenomena in opaque samples enables an entirely new branch of research, with possibilities for all sectors where such fast phenomena has, to date, been left to simulations and speculations. For industry and society, it would open new possibilities in the development and management of several techniques, including laser driven additive manufacturing, shock waves, fractures, evaporation, light alloy metallurgy, fast fluid dynamics, and cavitation phenomena.