Clinical Neuroimmunology of Vaccines in Brain Tumors

在脑肿瘤如胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）中，未能研制出有效的疫苗并实现免疫

In brain tumors like glioblastoma (GBM), failures to develop an effective vaccine and achieve immune checkpoint inhibition have been attributed to the extraordinary antigenic intratumoral heterogeneity of this disease. To overcome this, successful immunotherapy for GBM will require antitumor T cells with increased magnitude and functionality (potency) and T cells targeting multiple antigens simultaneously (diversity). We have identified 3 strategies to accomplish these goals. First, we will confirm that conjoining neoantigen major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) epitope peptides with the universal tetanus P30 class II epitope markedly increases the potency of T cell responses and unveils T cells responses against MHC I antigens that are otherwise non-immunogenic, resulting in de novo immune responses capable of inducing antitumor efficacy. Second, we will administer P30 in the tumor microenvironment to stimulate P30-specific CD4+ T cell help. Help provided to CD8+ T cells at the tumor during the effector stage has been shown to improve the magnitude and persistence of CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Third, we will engage a novel, clinically-available checkpoint agonist CD27) and program cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade. Stimulating CD27 on antigen-engaged, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increases the immunogenicity and memory of low-affinity CD8 epitopes, and improves the survival, effector function, and migratory capacity of activated T cells. However, as CD27 stimulation can cause expression of inhibitory PD-1 on T cells, we will also explore PD-1 blockade as a way of limiting this escape mechanism and further enhancing efficacy. We propose that multi-antigen P30-conjoined class I neoantigen vaccination with the novel checkpoint agonist CD27 and PD-1 blockade will increase the potency and diversity of neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses, resulting in improved antitumor efficacy. Thus, despite a low mutational burden in GBM, our strategy should enable potent neoantigen-specific T cell responses against a breadth of targets to engender efficacy against heterogeneous tumor. Our Specific Aims are: 1. To determine if multi-antigen, conjoined neoantigen vaccination improves survival in mice with heterogeneous intracerebral glioma; 2. To determine if the addition of class II antigen at the tumor site improves efficacy in these tumors; 3. To determine if CD27, alone or in combination with PD-1 blockade, increases the potency and diversity of tumor-specific T cell responses and antitumor efficacy against heterogeneous tumors.