Cyclical Alterations In Neurocognitive Performance And Mood Over Two Years In Relation To Pesticide Spray Seasons Among Adolescent And Young Adult Participants Of The Espina Study.

今天，20%的青少年和26%的年轻人有可诊断的内化（例如焦虑，抑郁） 或外化问题（例如冲动、攻击性、行为障碍）。神经发育障碍和 在过去的二十年里，全世界青少年和年轻人的精神健康障碍有所增加， 环境污染物可能是造成这种增长的部分原因。全球使用最多的杀虫剂 包括有机磷酸酯（OP：乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）抑制剂）、拟除虫菊酯和烟碱类。 毒理学和流行病学证据将OP暴露与神经认知能力改变联系起来。 此外，少数研究已经描述了与内化症状的关联， 外化行为（即低抑制控制）。这是合理的类尼古丁也可能影响大脑 由于它们具有一些共同的毒理学机制，如OP和新发现表明拟除虫菊酯 可能会影响大脑过程和神经行为。此外，新的研究表明，农药可能 短暂影响认知表现和情绪。评估短暂的健康结果是复杂的， 导致对这一领域的了解有限。我们建议更新我们2016年对青少年和年轻人的研究 (ages 2022年18-23岁，n = 554），并建立在计划的2022年后续考试的NIH资助的研究， 儿童和青少年的二次农药暴露（ESPINA）。拟议的研究包括一项 新的移动的健康评估工具，以评估农药的真实世界神经毒性效应。ESPINA是一个 2008年对居住在厄瓜多尔佩德罗蒙卡约的参与者进行了研究，该县是厄瓜多尔人口最多的县之一， 美洲的花卉种植园。利用我们基于智能手机的生态瞬间 认知测试（EMCT）平台，我们将评估是否经常性和季节性农药暴露， 青春期和青年期影响认知和心理健康。使用突发采样设计5 在高、低农药喷洒季节，我们将检验以下假设：1）农药 喷雾季节与内在症状、外在行为和 使用EMCT评估认知能力; 2）农药暴露（AChE抑制和OP和拟除虫菊酯 在5个农业时期评估的尿农药代谢物）与抑郁和 外化症状和使用EMCT评估的认知能力下降; 3）尿杀虫剂 代谢物（OP，烟碱类，拟除虫菊酯）与精神健康症状增加有关， 2016年至2022年，当所有参与者都是青少年时，以及年龄、性别和COVID-19相关因素（例如， 暴露;心理社会压力源）改变了环境暴露与心理健康之间的关系。 健康确定与农业农药喷洒季节有关的认知和心理健康后遗症， 生活在农业环境中的人们将推进这一未充分研究的研究领域，并具有重大意义。 对公共卫生的影响。

Today, 20% of adolescents and 26% of young adults have a diagnosable internalizing (e.g. anxiety, depression) or externalizing problem (e.g. impulsivity, aggression, conduct disorders). Neurodevelopmental disabilities and mental health disorders in adolescents and young adults have increased over the last two decades worldwide, and environmental contaminants may explain a part of this increase. The most used insecticides worldwide include organophosphates (OPs: inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)), pyrethroids and neonicotinoids. Toxicological and epidemiological evidence links OP exposure with altered neurocognitive performance. Additionally, a small number of studies have described associations with internalizing symptoms and some externalizing behaviors (i.e. low inhibitory control). It is plausible neonicotinoids may also affect brain processes as they share some toxicological mechanisms like OPs and emerging findings indicate pyrethroids may affect brain processes and neurobehavior. Further, emerging studies suggest that pesticides may transiently affect cognitive performance and mood. Assessing transient health outcomes is complex, which has led to limited knowledge on this field. We propose a renewal of our 2016 study of adolescents and young adults (ages 18-23 years in 2022, n≈554) and builds on the planned 2022 follow-up exam of the NIH-funded Study of Secondary Pesticide Exposures among Children and Adolescents (ESPINA). The proposed study incorporates a novel mobile health assessment tool to evaluate the real-world neurotoxic effects of pesticides. ESPINA is a study established in 2008 of participants residing in Pedro Moncayo, Ecuador, a county with one of the highest concentrations of flower plantations in the Americas. Leveraging our smartphone-based ecological momentary cognitive testing (EMCT) platform, we will assess whether recurring and seasonal pesticide exposures in adolescence and young adulthood affect cognition and mental health. Using a burst sampling design 5 times/year for 2 years during high- and low-pesticide spray seasons, we will test the hypotheses: 1) pesticide spray seasons are associated with cyclical alterations in internalizing symptoms, externalizing behaviors, and cognitive performance assessed using EMCT; 2) pesticide exposures (AChE inhibition and OP and pyrethroid urinary pesticide metabolites) assessed during 5 agricultural periods are related to elevated depressive and externalizing symptoms, and decreased cognitive performance assessed using EMCT; 3) Urinary pesticide metabolites (OP, neonicotinoids, pyrethroids) are associated with increased mental health symptoms from 2016 to 2022 when all participants were adolescents, and whether age, sex and COVID-19-related factors (e.g., exposure; psychosocial stressors) modify the associations between environmental exposures and mental health. Identifying cognitive and mental health sequelae related to agricultural pesticide spray seasons on people living in agricultural settings will advance this understudied field of research and has significant implications for public health.