The Development of Gut Microbiota and Behavioral Inhibition in Childhood: The Role of Early Stress and Brain Development

项目摘要 早期的毒性应激会对神经发育和行为产生持久的长期影响。 儿童的成果。一种可能介导这些关联的机制是肠道 微生物组有强有力的证据表明，肠道微生物群的模式可能会影响 神经发育和焦虑相关的行为在啮齿类动物，但很少有文献对此 在人类中的联系。我们研究小组最近的发现首次揭示了 肠道微生物组显著预测1岁儿童的恐惧行为。因此，拟议的 这项研究将研究心理社会压力对肠道微生物群发育的影响， 通过慢性HPA轴激活介导的，以及 在生命的前四年发展微生物组和行为抑制。我们将 测量这段时间内大脑发育的变化， 微生物组和行为抑制之间的联系在这一敏感时期， 和大脑都在迅速发育，可能最容易受到环境输入的影响。 受试者（n = 200）将从NICHD资助的前瞻性纵向队列研究中抽取 （脑和早期经验研究（BEE）; R 01 HD 091148 - 01 A1）。将进行评估 在36个月和54个月的实验室访视以及6个月和24个月的家庭访视期间。心理社会 压力将通过对消极育儿行为的观察评估进行评估， 在6个月和24个月的家庭混乱，HPA轴激活将通过头发皮质醇测量 在这些访问中。在所有年龄段，将收集粪便样本以评估微生物多样性， 成熟度和行为抑制将通过母体报告和观察 测量.神经成像使用高分辨率磁共振成像，扩散张量 成像和静息状态fMRI将提供mPFC体积生长的测量， 海马从15个月到54个月，以及结构和功能之间的连接 杏仁核和前额叶皮层最后，在54个月时，进行了一次简短的结构化诊断访谈， 将进行儿科精神疾病（迷你国际神经精神访谈）。 这项研究将首次调查早期心理社会压力对肠道的影响。 微生物组、神经发育和焦虑相关行为。我们的长期目标是 确定肠道微生物组的定植如何影响人类大脑发育， 精神病理学的风险，以防止精神疾病的发作或减少其 严重性。这项研究的结果，在儿童早期的敏感时期，将提供 这是一个重要的信息，可以为出生后不久的干预和预防工作提供信息。

Project Summary Early toxic stress can lead to enduring long-term effects on neurodevelopment and behavioral outcomes in children. One mechanism that may mediate these associations is the gut microbiome. There is robust evidence that patterns of gut microbiota may influence neurodevelopment and anxiety-related behaviors in rodents, but there is sparse literature on this association in humans. Recent findings from our research team are the first to reveal that the gut microbiome significantly predicts fear behavior in 1-year-old children. Thus, the proposed study will examine the influence of psychosocial stress on the development of gut microbiota, mediated by chronic HPA axis activation, as well as the bidirectional relationship between the developing microbiome and behavioral inhibition across the first four years of life. We will measure alterations in brain development across this time as a mediator of the relationship between the microbiome and behavioral inhibition. During this sensitive period the microbiome and brain are rapidly developing and may be most susceptible to environmental input. Participants (n = 200) will be drawn from a prospective longitudinal cohort study funded by NICHD (Brain and Early Experience Study (BEE); R01 HD091148-01A1). Assessments will be conducted during lab visits at 36 and 54 months and home visits at 6 and 24 months of age. Psychosocial stress will be assessed via observational assessments of negative parenting behavior and household chaos at 6 and 24 months, and HPA axis activation will be measured via hair cortisol at these visits. At all ages, fecal samples will be collected to assess microbial diversity and maturity and behavioral inhibition will be assessed via maternal report and observational measurement. Neuroimaging using high resolution magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and resting state fMRI will provide measures of volumetric growth of the mPFC and hippocampus from 15 months to 54 months, and structural and functional connectivity between the amygdala and mPFC. Finally, at 54 mos a brief structured diagnostic interview for major pediatric psychiatric disorders will be conducted (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview). This study will be the first to investigate the influence of early psychosocial stress on the gut microbiome, neurodevelopment and anxiety related behavior. Our long-term goal is to determine how colonization of the gut microbiome impacts human brain development and later risk for psychopathology in order to prevent the onset of psychiatric illness or reduce its severity. Findings from this study, during a sensitive period of early childhood, will provide important information that could inform intervention and prevention efforts soon after birth.