The influence of food insecurity on reward neurobiology in children

项目摘要 粮食不安全（FI）-即，“缺乏持续获得足够食物以维持积极和健康的生活”是一个 在美国，这是一种相对常见的逆境， 农村县（例如，约17%的农村家庭经历FI，而所有美国家庭的比例为10%。FI是 与成人和青少年物质使用（SU）风险增加相关，SU风险也 农村地区青少年与城市和郊区青少年相比，一般更高。虽然因果关系 FI和SUD负债之间的联系尚未建立，以前的工作支持假设， FI的经验可能会增加风险SU通过对奖励处理的神经基板的影响。 例如，FI的关键组成部分（即，严重和反复缺粮以及相关的饥饿， 压力和营养不良），压力和营养不良已被证明会影响SU相关 神经发育轨迹，而儿童的食物剥夺会影响食物奖励的神经处理。 此外，在成年人和动物模型中，食物剥夺增加了奖励敏感性和风险。 决策的主要和次要奖励，并增加药物寻求和渴望通过功能 大脑中奖励网络区域的改变（即，mesocorticolimbic区域）。为了更全面地了解 在FI的背景下，食物剥夺可能会影响奖励过程，这项发展研究将探讨 足以引起主观饥饿感的急性食物匮乏状态是否会增强 对食物和非食物奖励的敏感性，并增加风险决策（目标1）。而且还要 考虑食物剥夺和奖励处理的神经基质之间的联系是如何 受FI影响（目标2）以及FI是否介导相关因素之间的关联（例如，SES）和 为了实现这些目标，来自食物安全（N=30）和 农村PA的不安全家庭（N=30）将经历一个平衡的，重复测量的fMRI范式， 一旦食物被剥夺（即，一顿饭之后，他们就能吃得饱饱的了。美联储）。我们将重点 以尽量减少青春期的某些方面对儿童的影响， 处理并混淆我们的结果（例如，SU，青春期）。在fMRI期间，参与者将完成两个版本的 奖励任务，其中他们将做出与奖励相关的决定（即，放置不同大小的赌注）用于食物 (i.e.,糖果）和非食品（即，数据分析将模拟食物匮乏的影响 （禁食/进食;目标1）和食物安全状态（安全/不安全;目标2）对奖励神经生物学的影响。调解 分析将考虑FI与SES的相对贡献（目标3），探索性分析将考虑 FI相关效应的潜在调节剂（即，应激、营养、FI慢性化;目的4）。通过考虑是否 在FI的背景下，食物剥夺驱动奖励过程的功能改变，这种探索性的R21 这项研究将是确定金融机构推动SU责任的途径的关键第一步。

Project Summary Food insecurity (FI) – i.e., the “lack of consistent access to enough food for an active and healthy life” - is a relatively common type of adversity in the United States and one which disproportionately impacts families in rural counties (e.g., ~17% of rural families experience FI, compared to ~10% of all US families). FI is associated with an increased risk for substance use (SU) in adults and adolescence and SU risk is also generally greater for adolescents in rural areas, compared to their urban and suburban peers. While a causal link between FI and SUD liability has not been established, prior work supports the postulation that the experience of FI might increase the risk for SU via an impact on the neural substrates of reward processing. For example, of the key components of FI (i.e., acute and repeated food deprivation and associated hunger, stress, and poor nutrition), stress and poor nutrition have been shown to influence SU-relevant neurodevelopmental trajectories, while food deprivation in children impacts neural processing for food rewards. Furthermore, in adult humans and animal models, food deprivation increases reward sensitivity and risky decision-making for primary and secondary rewards and increases drug-seeking and craving via functional alterations in reward network areas in the brain (i.e., mesocorticolimbic regions). To more fully understand how food deprivation in the context of FI might influence reward processes, this developmental study will examine whether states of acute food deprivation that are sufficient to cause subjective feelings of hunger enhance sensitivity for food and non-food rewards and increase risky decision-making (Aim 1). Moreover, we will consider how associations between food deprivation and the neural substrates of reward processing are impacted by FI (Aim 2) and whether FI mediates the associations between related factors (e.g., SES) and reward processes (Aim 3) To address these aims, children (8-10 years old) from food secure (N=30) and insecure (N=30) households in rural PA will undergo a counter-balanced, repeated measures fMRI paradigm, once while food deprived (i.e., fasted) and once after a meal sufficient to satiate them (i.e., fed). We will focus on children in order to minimize the impact of aspects of adolescence that might also influence these processes and confound our results (e.g., SU, puberty). During fMRI participants will complete 2 versions of a reward task in which they will make reward-related decisions (i.e., placing a bet of varying magnitude) for food (i.e., candy) and non-food (i.e., money) rewards Data analyses will model the impacts of food deprivation (fasted/fed; Aim 1) and food security status (secure/insecure; Aim 2) on reward neurobiology. Mediation analysis will consider the relative contributions of FI vs. SES (Aim 3) and exploratory analysis will consider potential moderators of FI-related effects (i.e., stress, nutrition, chronicity of FI; Aim 4). By considering whether food deprivation in the context of FI drives functional alterations in reward processes, this exploratory R21 study will constitute a critical first step in identifying pathways by which FI drives SU-liability.