The influence of food insecurity on reward neurobiology in children

项目摘要 粮食不安全(FI)--即“无法持续获得足够的食物以维持积极健康的生活”--是一种 美国相对常见的逆境类型，对美国家庭的影响不成比例 农村县(例如，约17%的农村家庭经历了FI，而美国所有家庭的这一比例约为10%)。FI是 与成人和青春期药物使用(SU)风险增加相关，SU风险也 与城市和郊区的同龄人相比，农村地区的青少年普遍更多。而一个因果关系 FI和SUD责任之间的联系尚未建立，先前的工作支持这样的假设 FI的经历可能会通过影响奖赏加工的神经底物而增加SU的风险。 例如，FI的关键组成部分(即，严重和反复的食物剥夺以及相关的饥饿， 压力和营养不良)、压力和营养不良已被证明影响SU相关 神经发育轨迹，而儿童的食物剥夺影响神经对食物奖励的处理。 此外，在成年人和动物模型中，食物匮乏会增加奖励的敏感性和风险 对初级和次级奖励的决策，并通过功能增加药物寻觅和渴求 大脑中奖赏网络区域(即大脑中皮质边缘区域)的变化。要更全面地了解如何 FI背景下的食物剥夺可能会影响奖励过程，这项发展研究将检验 足以引起主观饥饿感的严重食物匮乏状态是否会增强 提高对食物和非食物奖励的敏感度，增加风险决策(目标1)。此外，我们还将 想一想食物剥夺和奖赏处理的神经底物之间的联系是如何的 受FI的影响(目标2)以及FI是否调节相关因素(例如，SES)和 奖励程序(目标3)以实现这些目标，使儿童(8-10岁)免受粮食保障(N=30)和 PA农村地区不安全(N=30)的家庭将接受平衡的、重复的fMRI范式， 一次是在食物被剥夺的时候(即禁食)，一次是在足以让他们吃饱的饭后(即喂饱)。我们将专注于 以便最大限度地减少青春期方面的影响，这些方面可能也会影响到这些 过程和混淆我们的结果(例如，SU，青春期)。在功能磁共振期间，参与者将完成两个版本的 奖励任务，他们将对食物做出与奖励相关的决定(即，下不同数额的赌注) (如糖果)和非食物(如金钱)奖励数据分析将模拟食物匮乏的影响 (禁食/喂食；目标1)和粮食安全状况(安全/不安全；目标2)。调解 分析将考虑FI与SES的相对贡献(目标3)，探索性分析将考虑 FI相关效应的潜在调节因素(即压力、营养、FI的慢性化；目标4)。通过考虑是否 FI背景下的食物剥夺导致奖励过程中的功能变化，这是探索性的R21 这项研究将是确定FI驱动SU责任的途径的关键的第一步。

Project Summary Food insecurity (FI) – i.e., the “lack of consistent access to enough food for an active and healthy life” - is a relatively common type of adversity in the United States and one which disproportionately impacts families in rural counties (e.g., ~17% of rural families experience FI, compared to ~10% of all US families). FI is associated with an increased risk for substance use (SU) in adults and adolescence and SU risk is also generally greater for adolescents in rural areas, compared to their urban and suburban peers. While a causal link between FI and SUD liability has not been established, prior work supports the postulation that the experience of FI might increase the risk for SU via an impact on the neural substrates of reward processing. For example, of the key components of FI (i.e., acute and repeated food deprivation and associated hunger, stress, and poor nutrition), stress and poor nutrition have been shown to influence SU-relevant neurodevelopmental trajectories, while food deprivation in children impacts neural processing for food rewards. Furthermore, in adult humans and animal models, food deprivation increases reward sensitivity and risky decision-making for primary and secondary rewards and increases drug-seeking and craving via functional alterations in reward network areas in the brain (i.e., mesocorticolimbic regions). To more fully understand how food deprivation in the context of FI might influence reward processes, this developmental study will examine whether states of acute food deprivation that are sufficient to cause subjective feelings of hunger enhance sensitivity for food and non-food rewards and increase risky decision-making (Aim 1). Moreover, we will consider how associations between food deprivation and the neural substrates of reward processing are impacted by FI (Aim 2) and whether FI mediates the associations between related factors (e.g., SES) and reward processes (Aim 3) To address these aims, children (8-10 years old) from food secure (N=30) and insecure (N=30) households in rural PA will undergo a counter-balanced, repeated measures fMRI paradigm, once while food deprived (i.e., fasted) and once after a meal sufficient to satiate them (i.e., fed). We will focus on children in order to minimize the impact of aspects of adolescence that might also influence these processes and confound our results (e.g., SU, puberty). During fMRI participants will complete 2 versions of a reward task in which they will make reward-related decisions (i.e., placing a bet of varying magnitude) for food (i.e., candy) and non-food (i.e., money) rewards Data analyses will model the impacts of food deprivation (fasted/fed; Aim 1) and food security status (secure/insecure; Aim 2) on reward neurobiology. Mediation analysis will consider the relative contributions of FI vs. SES (Aim 3) and exploratory analysis will consider potential moderators of FI-related effects (i.e., stress, nutrition, chronicity of FI; Aim 4). By considering whether food deprivation in the context of FI drives functional alterations in reward processes, this exploratory R21 study will constitute a critical first step in identifying pathways by which FI drives SU-liability.