Human and Translational Immunology Training Program

项目摘要 翻译免疫学的进展对培养具有人类免疫专业知识的科学家提出了新的需求 免疫学和将免疫科学的发现带到临床的技能。这就是训练 翻译免疫学所需的不同于传统的细胞或分子免疫学或临床 科学。该计划满足了在培训转化型免疫学家方面的四个未得到满足的需求。首先，我们的 对基础免疫学的理解在很大程度上是由初步观察和概念发展推动的 在动物模型中，但啮齿类动物和人类的免疫反应有许多不同。 需要对人类细胞和组织进行研究，以了解人类疾病的机制并预测 在人类临床环境中的结果。动物模型在准确模拟基因的能力方面是有限的 会影响人类免疫系统的变异和环境影响。第二，所使用的方法 要分析人类研究的数据，如基因组学、转录组学和新陈代谢组学，则更加复杂 并且比动物模型系统产生的数据更具变异性。第三，仍有一些常见病 免疫调节和免疫机制才刚刚开始被识别和探索，例如 动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病和非酒精性脂肪肝。此外，对 决定免疫反应的个体特征-为什么一些患者没有阳性反应，或者 即使对当前许多基于免疫的方法做出消极反应，而其他方法表现出强烈的反应，也是 只是刚刚开始被阐明。最后，严重缺乏受过临床培训的研究人员，他们还 接受过人类免疫学基本方面的培训。有临床背景的人希望继续 翻译免疫学的进一步研究因其先前的局限性而不被鼓励。 培训和对新技术的不熟悉。为此，我们建议成立耶鲁大学人类 和翻译免疫学(HTI)培训计划(HTITP)。HTITP是从以下方面发展起来的 耶鲁的HTI项目，学员的浓厚兴趣，以及对熟练翻译的需求尚未得到满足 科学界的免疫学家。该计划将提供概念和技术方面的培训 免疫学中富有成效的以人为基础的研究的基础，包括较新的系统领域 免疫学、精确医学和宿主：环境相互作用以及细胞和分子免疫学 学习。该培训计划的导师涵盖多个学科，是人类研究的积极领导者 健康和疾病方面的免疫力，在利用患者样本进行临床和翻译研究方面拥有专业知识， 擅长培养博士后和博士后学员。我们请求4个博士前空位，正在工作 攻读耶鲁大学的博士学位，以及3个博士后职位。耶鲁大学是一个特殊的研究环境，拥有州立大学- 为学员提供最先进的资源。拟议的方案将提供工具和调查经验 培养翻译免疫学领域的未来领导者。

Project Summary Progress in translational immunology has created a new demand for training scientists with expertise in human immunology and with the skills to bring discoveries in immune sciences to the clinic. The training that is required for translational immunology is distinct from traditional cellular or molecular immunology or the clinical sciences. This program fulfills four unmet needs in training translational immunologists. First, our understanding of basic immunology has largely been driven by primary observations and concept development in animal models, but there are many differences between immune responses in rodents versus humans. Studies of human cells and tissues are needed to understand the mechanisms of human diseases and predict outcomes in human clinical settings. Animal models are limited in their ability to accurately model genetic variations and environmental influences that can affect the human immune system. Second, the methods used to analyze data from human studies, such as genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, are more complex and variable than data generated from animal model systems. Third, there are still common diseases for which immune modulation and immune mechanisms are just beginning to be identified and explored such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Furthermore, an understanding of individual features that determine immunologic responses - why some patients do not respond positively, or even respond negatively, to many current immune-based approaches while others show robust responses, is only beginning to be elucidated. Lastly, there is a critical shortage of clinically trained investigators who also have training in basic aspects of human immunology. Those with a clinical background who wish to pursue further studies in translational immunology are discouraged from this pathway because of their limited previous training and unfamiliarity with new technologies. To this end, we propose the establishment of the Yale Human and Translational Immunology (HTI) Training Program (HTITP). The HTITP has grown from the expansion of the HTI program at Yale, the strong interest among trainees, and the unmet need for skilled translational immunologists in the scientific community. The program will offer training in concepts and techniques fundamental to productive human-based research in immunology and includes the newer areas of systems immunology, precision medicine and host:environment interactions, as well cellular and molecular immunologic studies. The mentors for this training program cover multiple disciplines, are active leaders in studies of human immunity in health and disease, have expertise in clinical and translational studies utilizing patient samples, and are skilled at training predoctoral and postdoctoral trainees. We request 4 predoctoral slots, working toward a PhD degree at Yale, and 3 postdoctoral slots. Yale is an exceptional research environment with state- of-the-art resources for trainees. The proposed program will provide the tools and investigative experiences to train the future leaders in the field of translational immunology.