Examining Effort-Based Reward Processing and Lifetime Stress in Relation to Depression during Adolescence

项目摘要/摘要 青春期是以奖励反应性增加为特征的发育期；它也反映了高- 抑郁症出现的风险期。青春期是识别风险因素和 细化抑郁症发生发展和病理生理学模型的特异性。大多数研究都在澄清 奖赏加工在发展和抑郁中的作用已经研究了奖赏喜好，由 奖励正性(RewP)事件相关脑电位(ERP)；然而，先前的研究表明，奖励 处理可能更好地从多个方面来概念化，而不仅仅是喜欢，包括想要-a 抑郁时，这一过程也会受损。使用我们团队开发的一种新的努力-奖励任务，主要目标是 本研究旨在确定努力支出对多个奖赏加工阶段的影响(即努力-- 基于奖励处理)，在一个具有良好特征的青少年样本中使用几个事件相关电位。在拟议的研究中， 来自佛罗里达州大塔拉哈西社区的150名青少年(14至17岁)和他们的照顾者将完成 自我报告问卷和临床访谈，作为正在进行的纵向三年跟踪访问的一部分 学习。青少年将完成努力门任务，以获得与多个奖励处理阶段相关的事件相关电位： 努力完成、奖励预期和对奖励收据的敏感度。与发展研究相一致， 我们预测，年龄与努力对奖励处理的多个阶段的影响更大相关，因此 年龄较大的青少年在高努力(目标)后，在奖励加工的多个阶段表现出更大的ERP 1)。在抑郁方面，我们预测，抑郁症状的增加将与基于钝化努力的 奖赏处理，这样努力对多个奖赏处理阶段的影响将在 抑郁症状加重的青少年(目标2)。这项研究的次要目标是阐明 与抑郁有关的素质-压力模型。这项拟议的研究还将检查终生压力是否 使用青少年压力和逆境问卷测量的暴露，影响与特定或 奖赏处理的多个阶段--以及终生压力暴露是否与特定奖赏相互作用 解释抑郁症新出现症状的加工阶段。我们预测，终生压力暴露将 在高努力完成后加强努力对奖励处理的影响(目标3)。我们还预测， 终生压力暴露增加会与奖赏加工的多个阶段的缺陷相互作用，以解释 青少年抑郁症状增加(目标4)。拟议的研究将在以下方面提供专门知识 发展精神病理学，拓宽了对多种奖赏相关过程及其 测量，并提供临床访谈和生活压力评估方面的培训 抑郁症。这种团契有可能发现多个与奖励相关的缺陷和延长寿命 应激暴露作为与新出现的抑郁症相关的因素，阐明了抑郁症的病因。 并在未来的研究中建立可在干预和预防策略中研究的新目标。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by increased reward responsivity; it also reflects a high- risk period for the emergence of depression. Adolescence represents an ideal time to identify risk factors and refine the specificity of models of the development and pathophysiology of depression. Most research elucidating the role of reward processing during development and depression has studied reward liking, as indexed by the reward positivity (RewP) event-related brain potential (ERP); however, previous work indicates that reward processing may be better conceptualized in terms of multiple aspects beyond liking, including wanting—a process also impaired in depression. Using a novel effort-reward task developed by our group, the primary goal the research is to determine the impact of effort expenditure on multiple reward processing stages (i.e., effort- based reward processing) using several ERPs in a well-characterized adolescent sample. In the proposed study, 150 adolescents (aged 14 to 17) and their caregivers from the greater Tallahassee, FL community will complete self-report questionnaires and clinical interviews as part of three-year follow-up visit of an ongoing longitudinal study. Adolescents will complete the effort-doors task to elicit ERPs linked to multiple reward processing stages: effort complete, reward anticipation, and sensitivity to reward receipt. Consistent with developmental research, we predict age to be associated with a larger impact of effort on multiple stages of reward processing, such that older adolescents will exhibit larger ERPs across multiple stages of reward processing following high effort (Aim 1). In terms of depression, we predict that increased depressive symptoms will relate to blunted effort-based reward processing, such that the impact of effort on multiple reward processing stages will be potentiated among adolescents with increased depressive symptoms (Aim 2). A secondary goal of this research is to elucidate diathesis-stress models in relation to depression. The proposed study will also examine whether lifetime stress exposure, as measured using the Adolescent Stress and Adversity Inventory, impacts ERPs linked to specific or multiple stages of reward processing–and whether lifetime stress exposure interacts with specific reward processing stages to explain emerging symptoms of depression. We predict that lifetime stress exposure will potentiate the impact of effort on reward processing following high effort completion (Aim 3). We also predict that increased lifetime stress exposure will interact with deficits in multiple stages of reward processing to explain increased depressive symptoms among adolescents (Aim 4). The proposed study will provide expertise in developmental psychopathology, broaden knowledge of multiple reward-related processes and their measurement, and provide training in clinical interviewing and life stress assessment in the context of emerging depression. This fellowship has the potential to identify multiple reward-related deficits and increased lifetime stress exposure as factors related to emerging depression that elucidate the etiopathogenesis of depression— and establish novel targets that can be studied in intervention and prevention strategies in future research.