Cognitive Architecture of Bilingual Language Processing

项目摘要/摘要 在美国，说双语的人的比例正在增加，世界上大多数人 人口是双语或多语的，但大多数关于人类认知的描述都是基于单一语言的。 这项拟议的研究使用双语作为一种手段来研究人类语言背后的一般原则， 认知，以及大脑本身，以及最终理解快速增长的双语部分是如何 人类处理语言并完成认知任务。拟议研究的目标是 考察双语者语言互动与高阶认知的关系及研究 语言共激活对记忆(目标1)、决策(目标2)和语义的影响 组织(目标3)。这种方法依赖于跨学科的方法，包括眼睛跟踪、脑电、 高级多水平统计建模，以及西班牙语-英语双语者的认知和语言测试(The 美国最大的双语人口。)和韩英双语者(分离音韵学和英语的影响 正字法)。我们之前的研究表明，双语者在两种语言的共同激活过程中 语言理解能力。研究1-3旨在揭示两种语言在视觉过程中如何共同激活 搜索会影响以后对以前看到的目标和竞争对手项目的记忆。研究4-6侧重于 双语和语言共激活对决策的影响。研究7-9考察体验如何 两种相互作用的语言改变了语义网络的组织方式。在每个目标中，第一个 实验确定了关键现象，第二个实验细粒度地查看了潜在的 第三个检验了主效应在更严格条件下的泛化能力。这个 所提出的研究在双语者的语言共同激活和高阶认知之间的联系方面具有创新性 在观察听觉和视觉输入的在线感觉和语言处理如何影响双语者时 然后记住，他们是如何做出决定的，他们是如何表达知识的。建议进行的研究 通过对语言和更高层次之间的关系的洞察，在理论上具有重要意义 从双语的独特优势进行认知，并有助于理解如何体验 使用多种语言重新配置认知架构。为了满足更广泛的社会需求，这项工作 对说一种以上语言的大部分人口的应用意义，对他们来说 临床、教育和社会结果可以通过开发干预措施来改善 两种语言之间的互动--例如，改善经历过的个人的记忆 记忆力下降(包括老年人)，以优化决策(包括在医疗保健环境中)，以及 在一生中促进学习和语义发展。公共健康有赖于对 认知和神经功能，而拟议的研究有助于发展这种解释 语言不同的人群。

Project Summary/Abstract The proportion of bilingual speakers in the United States is increasing and the majority of the world's population is bilingual or multilingual, yet most accounts of human cognition are based on monolingualism. The proposed research uses bilingualism as a means to study general principles underlying human language, cognition, and the brain, as well as an end in itself to understand how the rapidly growing bilingual segment of the population processes language and performs on cognitive tasks. The objective of the proposed research is to examine the relationship between language interaction and higher order cognition in bilinguals and to study the consequences of language co-activation for memory (Aim 1), decision making (Aim 2), and semantic organization (Aim 3). The approach relies on interdisciplinary methods that include eye-tracking, EEG, advanced multilevel statistical modeling, and cognitive and linguistic testing of Spanish-English bilinguals (the largest bilingual population in the U.S.) and Korean-English bilinguals (to dissociate effects of phonology and orthography). Our previous research has shown that bilinguals co-activate both languages in parallel during language comprehension. Studies 1-3 aim to uncover how co-activation of the two languages during visual search influences later memory for previously-seen target and competitor items. Studies 4-6 focus on the influence of bilingualism and language co-activation on decision making. Studies 7-9 examine how experience with two interacting languages changes the organization of the semantic network. Within each Aim, the first experiment establishes the key phenomenon, the second takes a fine-grained look at the underlying mechanisms, and the third tests the generalizability of the main effect under more stringent conditions. The proposed research is innovative in linking language co-activation and higher order cognition in bilinguals and in looking at how online sensory and linguistic processing of auditory and visual input impacts what bilinguals subsequently remember, how they make decisions, and how they represent knowledge. The proposed studies are theoretically significant by providing insight into the relationship between language and higher order cognition from the unique vantage point of bilingualism and by contributing to understanding how experience with multiple languages reconfigures cognitive architecture. Addressing broader societal needs, this work has applied significance for the large segment of the population speaking more than one language, for whom clinical, educational, and social outcomes can be improved by developing interventions that capitalize on the interaction between the two languages -- for example, to improve memory in individuals who experience memory decline (including older adults), to optimize decision making (including in healthcare settings), and to promote learning and semantic development across the lifespan. Public health depends on accurate accounts of cognitive and neural function, and the proposed research contributes to the development of such accounts for linguistically diverse populations.