Elucidating the relationship between decision-making under second-order uncertainty and dimensions of negative affect using computational modeling

项目摘要 计算建模可以帮助我们形式化选择行为如何最佳地适应不同的 研究个人偏离最佳行为的方式。又急又 抑郁症患者报告决策困难;这些困难对社会影响 互动和职业功能。了解焦虑和抑郁是否与 决策中常见或独特的缺陷受到关注焦虑或焦虑的研究的阻碍。 抑郁症单独和忽视的问题，comorbidity。这一点对于更好地确定 决策的各个方面应成为不同患者群体的干预目标。单独的 对决策中与焦虑和抑郁相关的缺陷的调查也导致缺乏 在同一研究中，任务的等效性和奖励相关和厌恶结果的有限使用。 在本研究中，我们将对焦虑和抑郁的项目水平反应进行双因素分析 问卷调查，并使用参与者得分的维度获得询问是否赤字的决定， 在二阶不确定性下的决策是焦虑和抑郁共同的，或者是一个或两个以上的个体所独有的。 其他.我们专注于二阶不确定性，因为这是我们遇到的许多情况的特征。 但对于焦虑或抑郁是否与缺陷有关的研究有限 在二阶不确定性中调整决策。二阶不确定性出现时， 我们的行为导致某些结果随时间变化的概率（波动性），当信息 估计给定行为导致给定结果的可能性所需的时间并不完全可用（模糊性）。 在拟议的研究中，我们将使用波动性和模糊性操纵来检查赤字是否在 二阶不确定性下的决策是焦虑和抑郁共同的，或者是其中一种独有的 或其他以及这些缺陷是领域通用的还是领域特异性的（根据结果类型而变化：厌恶的， 奖励或损失）。在线研究将用于进行复制工作，并检查是否受损 在二阶不确定性下的决策主要与内化认知或共同认知有关。 更广泛的精神病理学这些在线研究也将使我们能够测试探索性的假设 与精神病理学的其他方面有关。了解决策变更的程度- 在二阶不确定性下的决策是焦虑或抑郁所特有的，焦虑和抑郁都是如此。 抑郁症（即内化精神病理学的转诊断标志物），或与 更广泛的精神病理学是重要的澄清，以便我们可以更好地定制认知和心理， 对不同的患者群体进行教育干预。它还可能有助于澄清现有的干预措施是否 与焦虑有关的发展（例如，CBT专注于模糊厌恶）可能有价值地应用于 其他形式的精神病理学

Project Abstract Computational modeling can help us formalize how choice behaviors can be optimally adapted to different situations and investigate the ways in which individuals deviate from optimal behavior. Both anxious and depressed individuals report difficulties with decision-making; these difficulties have consequences for social interactions and occupational function. Understanding whether anxiety and depression are associated with common or unique deficits in decision-making has been hampered by studies focusing on either anxiety or depression alone and overlooking issues of comorbidity. This is important to address to better identify which aspects of decision-making should be targets for intervention in different patient groups. The separate investigation of anxiety- and depression-related deficits in decision-making has also led to a lack of equivalence of tasks and limited use of both reward-related and aversive outcomes within the same study. In the proposed research, we will conduct bifactor analysis of item-level responses to anxiety and depression questionnaires and use participant scores on the dimensions obtained to interrogate whether deficits in decision- making under second-order uncertainty are common to both anxiety and depression or unique to one or the other. We focus upon second-order uncertainty as this characterizes many of the situations we encounter in every-day life but there has been limited investigation of whether anxiety or depression are linked to deficits in adjusting decision-making to second-order uncertainty. Second-order uncertainty arises both when the probability of our actions resulting in certain outcomes changes across time (volatility) and when information needed to estimate how likely a given action is to lead to a given outcome is not fully available (ambiguity). In the proposed studies, we will use volatility and ambiguity manipulations to examine whether deficits in decision-making under second-order uncertainty are common to both anxiety and depression or unique to one or other and whether such deficits are domain general or domain specific (vary by outcome type: aversive, reward gain or reward loss). On-line studies will be used to conduct replication work and to examine if impaired decision-making under second-order uncertainty is primarily linked to internalizing symptomatology or common to a broader range of psychopathology. These online studies will also enable us to test exploratory hypotheses pertaining to other dimensions of psychopathology. Understanding the extent to which alterations in decision- making under second order uncertainty are unique to anxiety or depression, common to both anxiety and depression (i.e. a transdiagnostic marker of Internalizing psychopathology), or associated with psychopathology more broadly is important to clarify so that we can better tailor cognitive and psycho- educational interventions to different patient groups. It may also help clarify whether existing interventions developed in relation to anxiety (e.g. CBT focusing on ambiguity aversion) might valuably be applied to other forms of psychopathology.