NEURAL MECHANISMS OF VISION

这项研究涵盖了突触递质在视觉系统中的功能， 系统 一般来说，突触递质影响特定的感受性， 字段属性，而不是特定的单元格类型。 一般化可以 关于一些递质：快速作用的抑制性递质 GABA和甘氨酸影响触发功能，如方向敏感性 和方向敏感性，而兴奋性递质乙酰胆碱 影响细胞的自发活动和反应性。 这 该提案旨在发现可以对 单胺递质（多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素和吲哚胺）， 对视网膜和皮层的研究。 哺乳动物视网膜的良好模型是兔视网膜。 为了 从各种细胞类型中进行需要记录的概括， 兔子视网膜至少含有16个，这些都可以用 合理的频率 这些细胞类型包括所有那些发现在 猫，和许多发现在猴子，除了一些颜色 编码类型。 然而，对于光适应和暗适应的实验， CAT是优选的，因为明视状态和暗视状态可以被区分 光谱灵敏度。 除了多巴胺和吲哚胺的作用 我们计划研究乙酰胆碱的毒蕈碱效应， 已经表明，有毒蕈碱以及烟碱受体， 视网膜，它们可能是突触前的，起着不同的作用。 对于大脑皮层的实验来说，猫是一个很好的模型。 再次强调， 将研究突触递质激动剂和拮抗剂对 细胞的感受野 我们计划研究 去甲肾上腺素及其激动剂和拮抗剂，主要着眼于 性能，如响应性和灵敏度，我们已经表明， 受到视网膜中单胺的影响。 我们的总体目标是描述突触递质的一般作用 在视觉系统中，这将有助于预测 各种药物对视觉系统的影响 另外，我们的数据可以 以及有关解剖定位和细胞效应的数据 突触传递器提供了一个接线图，显示如何输入到一个 细胞被组织起来产生细胞的属性，正如我们所做的那样， 建议GABA和乙酰胆碱输入方向选择性 视网膜中的细胞，提供方向选择性。

This research covers the function of synaptic transmitters in the visual system. In general, synaptic transmitters affect particular receptive field properties, rather than particular cell types. Generalizations can be made about some transmitters: the fast-acting inhibitory transmitters GABA and glycine affect trigger features such as directional sensitivity and orientation sensitivity, while the excitatory transmitter acetylcholine affects the spontaneous activity and responsiveness of cells. This proposal intends to discover what generalizations can be made about monoamine transmitters (dopamine, noradrenaline, and indoleamines), with investigations on both retina and cortex. A good model for the mammalian retina is the rabbit retina. In order to make generalizations one needs to record from a variety of cell types, and the rabbit retina contains at least 16, which can all be recorded with reasonabale frequency. These cell types include all those found in the cat, and many found in the monkey, with the exception of some of the color coded types. For experiments on light and dark adaptation, however, the cat is preferred, because photopic and scotopic states can be distinguished by spectral sensitivity. In addition to dopamine and indoleamine effects we plan to study the muscarinic effects of acetylcholine, since recent work has suggested that there are muscarinic as well as nicotinic receptors in the retina, and that they may be presynaptic and play a different role. For experiments on the cortex the cat is a good model. Again, the focus will be on the effects of synaptic transmitter agonists and antagonists on the receptive fields of cells. We plan to study the effect of noradrenaline and its agonists and antagonists, looking primarily at properties such as responsiveness and sensitivity, which we have shown are affected by monoamines in the retina. Our overall goal is to describe the general action of synaptic transmitters in the visual system, which will be useful in predicitng the action of various drugs on the visual system. In addition, our data can be put together with data on the anatomical localization and cellular effects of synaptic transmitters to provide a wiring diagram, showing how inputs to a cell are organised to produce the properties of the cell, as we have proposed for the GABA and acetylcholine inputs to directionally selective cells in the retina, giving directional selectivity.