REGULARITIES IN RECOGNITION MEMORY: THEORETICAL BASES

识别记忆的规律：理论基础

• 批准号: 3384439
• 负责人: MURRAY GLANZER
• 金额: $ 0.7万
• 依托单位: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1989
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1989-09-01 至 1994-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/3384439
• 关键词: aging; attention; information theory; memory; memory disorders; stimulus /response

This project extends empirical work on a strong regularity in recognition memory, the mirror effects, and theoretical work designed to account for that regularity. The theoretical and empirical work led to the establishment of two further regularities -- the symmetrical movement of underlying (signal and noise) distributions when memory is impaired (as with forgetting) or facilitated (as with additional study time); and the order of the slopes of the receiver operating characteristics for conditions that differ in recognition efficiency. The proposed work will examine the following: 1. Extension of the work to cover a complete ordering of slopes of receiver operating characteristics as a function of accuracy of recognition. The order of slopes as a function of accuracy of recognition memory involves critical issues for a number of the current global theories of memory. 2. Further exploration of variables affecting the bilateral movement of underlying distributions - noise level, efficiency of encoding, proactive interference. 3. Extension of attention/likelihood theory to more complex situations in which the subject's model of the situation differs from the actual situation. 4. Demonstration that the theory predicts a fourth regularity, the absence of list-strength effects. Those effects involve the use of mixed lists, lists in which the subjects get different numbers of trials or different study times for various items. The absence of the list strength effect is important since it is again critical for a number of current models of memory. The absence of the list strength effect will be further examined in new experimental arrangements that generalize it -- forgetting and proactive interference. A fifth regularity, the identity of receiver operating characteristic slopes, which can also be derived from the theory, will be tested in the planned experiments. GANT=R01MH45137 Pavlovian conditioning researchers have displayed renewed interest in associations formed between two sensory events. Pairing of sensory events is also a central feature of a perceptual phenomenon described by McCollough in 1965, now known as the McCollough effect (ME). The proposed research is designed to integrate these two research traditions. The ME is demonstrated by presenting two chromatic grids during an "induction" period (e.g., a grid of black and green horizontal bars alternating with a grid of black and magenta vertical bars). Subsequently, complementary color aftereffects contingent on bar orientation are noted on an achromatic grid. For the above example, the white space between black horizontal bars appears pink and the white space between black vertical bars appears green. The ME is one of a category of contingent color aftereffects (CCAEs). The proposed research has two major objectives: (1) to evaluate the extent to which CCAEs, which result from pairing of color with another feature of the stimulus, can be understood as an instance of another well-studied phenomenon of pairing, Pavlovian conditioning, and (2) to study a new CCAE: illusory color seen on achromatic words following exposure to these words in color. In all experiments, a computer system is used for induction and assessment of CCAEs. Standard psychophysical procedures, appropriately modified for the task, are used to objectively assess aftereffect magnitude. The research concerning the contribution of Pavlovian conditioning to the CCAE will aid in understanding the contribution of learning to perception. Research addressed to the role of learning in the CCAE is also relevant to the role of learning in homeostatic functioning. Many conditioning phenomena typically studied with animals have been demonstrated with CCAEs, thus the research provides learning researchers with a valuable, inexpensive alternative to the use of animals. The research concerning the word-CCAE many aid in understanding how people code and process the written word. In addition, it is likely that the word-CCAE research is relevant to reports of troublesome contingent color aftereffects suffered by computer operators. These aftereffects have been implicated in ophthalmologic, psychiatric, and other work- related problems of computer operators.

该项目扩展了关于强规律性的实证工作 识别记忆、镜像效应和旨在 考虑到这种规律性。理论和实证工作导致 建立另外两个规律——对称 当内存存在时，底层（信号和噪声）分布的移动 受损（如遗忘）或促进（如额外学习） 时间）;以及接收器运行的斜率顺序 识别效率不同的条件下的特征。 拟议的工作将检查以下内容： 1. 工作范围扩大到涵盖斜坡的完整排序 接收器工作特性作为精度的函数 认出。斜率的顺序作为精度的函数 识别记忆涉及许多当前的关键问题 全局记忆理论。 2. 进一步探讨影响双边流动的变量 底层分布 - 噪声水平、编码效率、 主动干预。 3. 将注意力/似然理论扩展到更复杂的情况 主体对情境的模型与实际情况不同 情况。 4. 证明该理论预测了第四个规律，即 不存在列表强度效应。这些效果涉及使用混合 列表，其中受试者接受不同次数的试验的列表或 不同项目的学习时间不同。名单缺席 强度效应很重要，因为它对于许多 当前的内存模型。列表强度效应的缺失将 在新的实验安排中得到进一步检验，该安排概括了 它——遗忘和主动干预。第五个规律， 接收器工作特性斜率的恒等式，也可以是 从理论推导出来的，将在计划的实验中进行测试。 甘特=R01MH45137 巴甫洛夫条件反射研究人员对以下问题表现出了新的兴趣 两个感官事件之间形成的关联。感官配对 事件也是感知现象的核心特征，描述为 McCollough 于 1965 年提出，现在称为 McCollough 效应 (ME)。这 拟议的研究旨在整合这两项研究 传统。 ME 通过在一个过程中呈现两个彩色网格来演示 “诱导”期（例如，黑色和绿色水平条的网格 与黑色和洋红色垂直条的网格交替）。 随后，补色效果取决于条形 方向被记录在消色差网格上。对于上面的例子， 黑色水平条之间的白色空间呈粉红色，白色 黑色垂直条之间的空间显示为绿色。 ME 是其中之一 偶然颜色效应 (CCAE) 的类别。拟议的研究 有两个主要目标：(1) 评估 CCAE 的程度， 这是颜色与刺激的另一个特征配对的结果， 可以被理解为另一个经过充分研究的现象的一个例子 配对、巴甫洛夫条件反射，以及 (2) 研究新的 CCAE：虚幻 接触非彩色单词后，在这些单词上看到的颜色 颜色。在所有实验中，计算机系统用于归纳和 CCAE 评估。标准心理物理程序，适当 针对任务进行修改，用于客观评估后果 震级。 巴甫洛夫条件反射对神经元调节作用的研究 CCAE 将有助于理解学习对 洞察力。针对学习在 CCAE 中的作用的研究是 也与学习在稳态功能中的作用有关。许多 通常用动物研究的条件反射现象 通过 CCAE 进行证明，因此该研究为学习研究人员提供了 提供一种有价值且廉价的动物替代品。这 关于 CCAE 这个词的研究有助于理解人们如何 编码并处理书面文字。此外，很可能 word-CCAE 研究与麻烦事件的报告相关 计算机操作员遭受的色彩后遗症。这些后遗症 与眼科、精神病学和其他工作有关 计算机操作员的相关问题。