DETERMINANTS OF NONSIMILARITY-BASED CATEGORIZATION

知觉相似性模型很容易解释基本层次的分类。 这些模型提出，在一个类别内，对一个类别的反应 样本通过初级刺激泛化传递给他人。这个 作为所有真正的“概念”的基础的知觉相似性的不足 行为被记录下来。例如，上级概念类别通常 组合包含样本的基本级别类别，这些样本 在感觉上彼此非常不同。拟议的研究审查了 作为这一机制的中介泛化和联想 上位分类。 本提案中的实验使用三步程序来 检查基于非相似性的分类。在一项范例研究中， 来自两个基本级别类别(C1和C2)的不同样本是 与一个共同的响应(R1)和来自两个不同样本的 其他基本级类别(C3和C4)与另一个关联 原始训练中的响应(R2)。在调任培训中，榜样 来自C1和C3的响应与新的响应(R3和R4， 来自C2和C4的样本被扣留。在最后一次测试中 阶段，R3与R4的性能被测量到来自C1，C2， C3和C4。如果将C1/C2和C3/C4组合绑定到 训练的第一步是上级类别，然后是科目 应该主要是R3到C2样本，R4到C4 样本。得出了这一结果。 拟议的研究将审查实证和理论问题。 关于上级中的中介概括和联想 使用三步程序进行分类。上级概念 类别是开放的集合。例如，“家具”这个词并不是 只为我们自己家里熟悉的灯具和椅子预留，但它 也适用于我们第一次看到的灯具和椅子。实验 该提案的1和2检查了上级类别是否创建了 按三步走的程序也是开集。新奇的传输测试 从组件基本级别类别中提取的样本将添加到 基础研究设计。如果获得，则将原始培训转移到小说中 样本和从新样本到原始训练集的转换 将演示在原创中创建的上级类别 训练的三步走确实是一套开放的程序。 另一个需要解决的问题(在实验3到7中)涉及 培训类型可能会将不同的基本级别类别绑定到 一个上级类别。需要研究的替代方案包括 关联：常见的增援延迟、增援计划、 背景刺激、空间位置和时间邻接性。这个 这些研究建立的经验基础将提供更大的视角 论调解在刑事诉讼中的作用应考虑的理论 形成上位概念范畴。

Perceptual similarity models readily explain basic-level categorization. These models propose that, within a category, responses learned to one exemplar transfer to others through primary stimulus generalization. The inadequacy of perceptual similarity as the basis of all truly "conceptual" behavior is noted. Superordinate conceptual categories, for example, often combine basic-level categories encompassing exemplars which are perceptually very different from one another. The proposed studies examine mediated generalization and association as mechanisms of such superordinate categorization. The experiments in the present proposal use a three-step procedure to examine nonsimilarity-based categorization. In a paradigmatic study, diverse exemplars from two basic-level categories (C1 and C2) were associated with one common response (R1) and diverse exemplars from two other basic-level categories (C3 and C4) were associated with another response (R2) in original training. In reassignment training, exemplars from C1 and C3 were associated with new responses (R3 and R4, respectively) and exemplars from C2 and C4 were withheld. In a final test phase, performance of R3 vs. R4 was measured to the exemplars from C1, C2, C3, and C4. If the C1/C2 and C3/C4 combinations were bound into superordinate categories in the first step of training, then subjects should predominately make R3 to the C2 exemplars and R4 to the C4 exemplars. This result was obtained. The proposed studies will examine empirical and theoretical issues concerning mediated generalization and association in superordinate categorization using the three-step procedure. Superordinate conceptual categories are open sets. The word "furniture," for example, is not reserved solely for the familiar lamps and chairs of our own homes, but it is also applied to lamps and chairs we see for the first time. Experiments 1 and 2 of this proposal examine whether superordinate categories created by the three-step procedure are also open sets. Transfer tests with novel exemplars drawn from the component basic-level categories are added to the basic research design. If obtained, transfer of original training to novel exemplars and transfer from novel exemplars to the original training sets will demonstrate that the superordinate categories created in original training of the three-step procedure are indeed, open sets. Another issue to be addressed (in Experiments 3 through 7) concerns the types of training which might bind disparate basic-level categories into one superordinate category. Among the alternatives to be examined are association with: a common delay to reinforcement, reinforcement schedule, contextual stimulus, spatial location, and temporal contiguity. The empirical base established by these studies will give greater perspective on the theories to be considered in of the role of mediation in the formation of superordinate conceptual categories.