WORKING CLASS WOMEN--NEGOTIATING JOBS AND PARENTHOOD

描述(改编自申请者摘要)：母亲和婴儿 已经成为一个越来越大的职业女性亚群， 年内重返劳动力大军的女性约占44% 他们的第一个孩子出生六个月(奥康奈尔，)。vt.给出 在美国，大约38%的家庭陷入 工人阶级(美国人口普查局，1988)，它是 重要的是要研究经济资源较少的夫妇和 进入家庭友好型工作场所设法照顾他们的婴儿 并保住全职工作。提议的纵向的目标 这项研究旨在考察为人父母的转变和回归是如何 母亲在孩子出生后六个月内获得带薪工作的比例 影响工作人员的心理健康和婚姻关系- 阶级的女人和男人。具体目标是：(1)研究如何 女性和男性的幸福和婚姻关系随着他们的变化而变化 体验一下从为人父母到回到有偿工作的转变， (2)找出影响这些多重效应的因素 父母心理健康的转变；社会等因素 支持、性别意识形态、获得优质托儿服务、期望 关于父母身份、军事素质和孩子的特点，(3) 审查女性和男性的工作和家庭角色以及 在为人父母的过渡过程中，责任会发生变化 当新妈妈重返职场时，以及(4)确定 家庭友好型工作场所政策对女性和男性的影响 心理健康。拟议的研究涉及五个方面： 对150名工薪阶层女性及其丈夫的测量 过渡到为人父母和母亲回到劳动力大军中 孩子出生的前6个月。第一次面试将采取 在怀孕的最后三个月。第二次面试将 发生在婴儿出生后，但在母亲返回工作岗位之前。 第三次面谈将在母亲回国后两周内进行 工作和第四次电话面试将在六个月内进行 对所有母亲来说都是产后。最后，一年的跟踪调查将是 为确定积极的和长期的影响而进行 对女性心理健康和家庭的负面影响 两性关系。

DESCRIPTION (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Mothers with infants have become an increasingly large subgroup of working women with approximately 44 percent of women returning to the labor force within six months of the birth of their first child (O'Connell, 1989). Given that approximately 38 percent of families in the United States fall into the working-class category (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1988), it is important to examine how couples with fewer financial resources and less access to family-friendly workplaces manage to care for their infants and hold down full-time jobs. The goal of the proposed longitudinal study is to examine how both the transition to parenthood and the return of mothers to paid employment within six months of their child's birth affect the psychological well-being and marital relationships of working- class women and men. The specific objectives are: (1) to examine how women's and men's well-being and marital relationships change as they experience the transitions to parenthood and back to paid employment, (2) to identify factors that mediate the effects of these multiple transitions on parents' psychological well-being; factors such as social support, gender ideology, access to quality child care, expectations about parenthood, martial quality, and characteristics of the child, (3) to examine how women's and men's work and family roles and responsibilities change across the transition to parenthood and again when new mothers return to the workforce, and (4) to determine the effects of family-friendly workplace policies on women's and men's psychological well-being. The proposed study involves five occasions of measurement for 150 working-class women and their husbands experiencing the transition to parenthood and mothers return to the work force within the first 6 months of the child's birth. The first interview will take place in the third trimester of pregnancy. The second interview will occur after the baby is born but prior to the mother's return to work. The third interview will occur within two weeks of mother's return to work and a fourth telephone interview will take place at six months postpartum for all mothers. Finally, a one year follow-up will be conducted to determine the long term effects of both positive and negative transitions on women's psychological health and family relationships.