SELF CONSTRUAL EFFECTS ON SOCIAL PROCESSES

本研究的重点是探讨相对独立与相互依赖的自我概念对自我评价过程和社会行为的影响。 独立的自我意识是指那些关注个人属性和强调自主性的人。 相互依赖的自我关怀是那些专注于亲密关系或群体成员关系中的角色，并强调与他人的联系（见Markus和Kitayama，1991）。 虽然过去关于自我联想的研究主要集中在文化差异上，但相对独立与相互依赖的自我联想也可能通过启动而被情境激活（例如，Brewer和Gardner，1996），因此，自我概念作为理解自我，他人和社会行为的解释框架的能力可以在文化比较之外进行检查。 五项研究提出了检查的基本过程被认为是影响的相对可及性的独立与相互依存的自我概念，并调查这些过程的群体行为的影响。 假设从独立到相互依赖的自我概念的转变将：（1）将自我评价从强调社会比较过程转变为社会反思过程，通过社会比较过程，亲密他人的成功威胁到自尊，通过社会反思过程，亲密他人的成功支持自尊（例如，（2）将自我监管从强调自己的自我指导和标准转变为强调他人的指导和标准（例如，Higgins，1987）;以及（3）将所使用的控制策略从强调主动控制（通过主动控制改变社会环境以适应自我的需要）转变为强调被动控制（通过被动控制改变自我以适应社会环境）（例如，Rothbaum等人，1982年）。 从群体行为的角度来考察可接近的独立与相互依赖的自我概念的含义;从独立到相互依赖的自我概念的转变应该（4）鼓励在“公地困境”中追求集体利益而不是个人利益，并且应该（5）在集体努力中阻止“社会闲逛”。

The current proposal focuses upon the influence of holding a relatively independent vs. interdependent selfconstrual on self- evaluation processes and social behavior. Independent self- construals are defined as those that focus upon individual attributes and emphasize autonomy. Interdependent self-construals are those that focus upon roles in close relationships or group memberships and emphasize connection with others (see Markus and Kitayama, 1991). Although past research concerning self-construal has focused primarily upon cultural differences, relatively independent vs. interdependent self-construals may also be situationally activated through priming (e.g., Brewer and Gardner, 1996), and thus the ability of self construal to act as an interpretive framework for the understanding of self, others, and social behavior may be examined apart from cultural comparisons. Five studies are proposed to examine both the basic processes thought to be influenced by the relative accessibility of an independent vs. interdependent self-construal, and to investigate the implications of these processes for group behavior. It is hypothesized that shifting from an independent to interdependent self-construal will: (1) shift self-evaluation from emphasizing social comparison processes through which the success of close others threatens esteem, to instead social reflection processes, through which the success of close others bolsters esteem (e.g., Tesser, 1988); (2) shift self-regulation from emphasizing one's own self-guides and standards to emphasizing the guides and standards of others (e.g., Higgins, 1987); and (3) shift the control strategies used from an emphasizing active control, through which the social environment is changed to suit the needs of the self, to emphasizing reactive control through which the self is changed to suit the social environment (e.g., Rothbaum et al., 1982). The implications of accessible independent vs. interdependent self-construals will then be examined in terms of group behavior; shifting from an independent to interdependent self-construal should (4) encourage the pursuit of collective over personal interests in a "commons dilemma" and should (5) discourage "social loafing" during a collective effort.