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PREATTENTIVE AND ATTENTIVE VISUAL INFORMATION PROCESSING

主动和专心的视觉信息处理

基本信息

批准号：
2890991
负责人：
HOWARD E EGETH
金额：
$ 9.44万
依托单位：
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
1997
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
1997-08-15 至 2001-07-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/2890991
关键词：
attention behavioral /social science research tag cues human subject neural information processing performance psychological concentration space perception visual pathways visual stimulus

项目摘要

Several lines of evidence suggest the existence of two functionally separate visual systems. One is the preattentive system; it can quickly, effortlessly, and in parallel detect differences in a variety of conspicuous features. The other system involves focal attention; it is used when difficult or complex discriminations must be made. It proceeds serially and effortfully. One major purpose of the present research is to clarify how preattentive and focal attentive processes cooperate in the performance of tasks, and, in particular, how preattentive processes may guide attentive ones. A second major purpose of this research is to explore the spatial properties of attention. This work will consider the nature of the coordinate system(s) that may underline attentional processes. What determines whether processing is retinocentric, environmentally based, object based, or object centered? One set of experiments will consider the factors that permit a subject to search selectively through large, complex displays. Some previous studies have found that subjects can search through a complicated array without being distracted by irrelevant information, whereas other studies have shown a variety of distraction effects (such as attention being capture by conspicuous irrelevant stimuli). This research will attempt to ascertain the principles that determine the efficiency of search. Other experiments examine the medium in which attention operates. Imagine, for example, that with the eyes held steady a cue directs attention to a particular location. Shortly thereafter a small, faint, target is presented. The ability to detect such a target is greater when it appears near the location of the cue than when it appears far from the cue. The question is, What spatial representation mediates the changes in performance? Is performance determined by the separation on the retina between the cue and the target, or by their separation in perceived three-dimensional space? Suppose the cue falls on part of an object. Does the structure of the object determine how attention is allocated? These and similar questions will be addressed.

几条证据表明，在功能上存在两种独立的视觉系统。一种是预先注意系统；它可以快速、毫不费力地发现各种不同之处具有显著特征的。另一种系统涉及集中注意力；当必须做出困难或复杂的区分时，它被使用。它是循序渐进的，而且是艰难的。的一个主要目的是目前的研究是为了阐明前注意和焦点注意是如何进程在执行任务时进行合作，尤其是，注意力超前的过程可以如何引导注意力集中的人。这项研究的第二个主要目的是探索注意力的属性。这项工作将考虑到可以强调注意过程的坐标系(S)。是什么决定了加工是否是再着丝点的，基于环境、基于对象还是以对象为中心？其中一组实验将考虑允许可以通过大型、复杂的显示器选择性地进行搜索。一些人先前的研究发现，受试者可以通过复杂的数组，不会被无关的东西分散注意力信息，而其他研究表明，分心效应(如注意力被显眼的无关的刺激)。这项研究将试图确定决定搜索效率的原则。其他的实验考察了注意力的媒介运作。例如，想象一下，在眼睛保持稳定的情况下提示将注意力引向特定的位置。此后不久，一个小的，微弱的，目标出现了。侦测这样一个目标的能力当它出现在球杆位置附近时大于它似乎与暗示相去甚远。问题是，什么样的空间代表性在绩效变化中起到了中介作用？是性能由视网膜上的分离决定线索和目标，还是通过他们在知觉中的分离三维空间？假设该提示落在对象。客体的结构是否决定了注意力是被分配的吗？这些和类似的问题将得到解决。