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The Roman Republic 264-44BC

罗马共和国 264-44BC

基本信息

批准号：
AH/G006148/1
负责人：
Edward Bispham
金额：
$ 3.29万
依托单位：
University of Oxford
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2009
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2009 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FG006148%2F1
关键词：
Roman Republic 264 44BC

项目摘要

By 264 B.C. Rome had, by war and diplomacy, become the most powerful state in Italy. That year saw her first military adventure overseas: a controversial intervention in Sicily quickly led to full scale war with the Carthage, the major western Mediterranean power, based in north Africa. Victory in Sicily set in train the creation of an empire which by 44 B.C. controlled most of the Mediterranean and much of continental Europe. This is a familiar story, as is the flip-side: the profits and power to be gained on the stage of this vast empire corroded the consensual ethos by which the Roman aristocracy had limited its natural competitive urges. Competition for political office and military command led to political corruption aimed at a city populace of voters now unable effectively to exercise its sovereignty over the vast empire, and increasingly unrepresentative of the Roman citizen body. The populace, rural and urban, was subjected to increasing socio-economic stresses, as continual recruitment for war and the unbalancing of the economy through imperial revenues ate at the traditional fabric of politics and society. Political polarisation set in, between the champions of the status quo, the representatives (sometimes self-styled) of the popular will, and over-mighty generals. The Republic was overthrown in Civil war, and Caesar set himself up as dictator; within a few years he himself was assassinated. Further civil wars were eventually ended by the emergence of a sole victor, Augustus, who became the first emperor.This project seeks to tell another story, however. The familiar tale just told is essentially a retelling of the histories written by Greeks and Romans themselves, during and just after the events; and this has been the case since the Renaissance. This project seeks to give a voice to two other categories of evidence: Roman documents inscribed on stone, and the evidence from archaeological enquiry. Some of this material is brand new; some has been known since the Renaissance. Until now no historical narrative has allowed either voice to occupy centre-stage alongside the main protagonist, the textual material which has traditionally been the study of classicists, and has exercised a dominant role in interpretations of the late Republic for this reason. One consequence of this change of emphasis will be increased light shed on new groups of actors throughout the story. Three groups are very important here: the inhabitants of the countryside and the small towns, as opposed to the urban poor and nobility of Rome; Italians as opposed to Romans (that is the half to two-thirds of the the population of the peninsula who did not have the Roman citizenship until about 90 B.C.); and the elites and populations of other peoples subjected by Rome across the empire. With the exception of the Greeks, their explicit testimonies are few, and we are often reliant on interpretations of archaeological remains to allow them to speak. But that is not a reason for not making the effort. The end result ought to be a narrative which seeks to explain the uniqueness of the rise of Rome from an Italian viewpoint, a viewpoint with which the Romans were deeply engaged, and which influenced their own sense of who they were, and where they thought they were going. The traditional leading actor in this drama, the account based on literary sources, will not be banished from the stage, but his words will now be heard within a real dialogue: this role and those of the former supporting actors will have to take account of each other; the result ought to be a better representation, of how the growth and failure of the Roman Republic were experienced by a greater number of players, in more locations, than has previously been achieved.

到公元前 264 年罗马通过战争和外交成为意大利最强大的国家。那一年，她第一次进行海外军事冒险：对西西里岛的一次有争议的干预很快导致了与总部位于北非的西地中海主要强国迦太基的全面战争。西西里岛的胜利开启了一个帝国的创建，并于公元前 44 年建立了这个帝国。控制了地中海的大部分地区和欧洲大陆的大部分地区。这是一个熟悉的故事，反面也是如此：在这个庞大帝国的舞台上获得的利润和权力腐蚀了罗马贵族限制其自然竞争冲动的共识精神。对政治职位和军事指挥权的竞争导致了针对城市选民的政治腐败，这些选民现在无法有效地行使对庞大帝国的主权，并且越来越不代表罗马公民团体。农村和城市民众承受着越来越大的社会经济压力，因为战争不断征兵以及帝国收入造成的经济不平衡侵蚀了传统的政治和社会结构。政治两极分化出现在维持现状的拥护者、民意的代表（有时自称为）和过于强大的将军之间。共和国在内战中被推翻，凯撒自立为独裁者。几年之内，他本人就被暗杀了。进一步的内战最终因唯一胜利者奥古斯都的出现而结束，他成为第一位皇帝。然而，这个项目试图讲述另一个故事。刚才讲述的熟悉的故事本质上是对希腊人和罗马人自己在事件发生期间和事件发生后所写的历史的重述；自文艺复兴以来一直如此。该项目旨在为另外两类证据提供声音：刻在石头上的罗马文献和考古调查的证据。其中一些材料是全新的；有些自文艺复兴以来就为人所知。迄今为止，还没有历史叙述允许任何一种声音与主角一起占据中心舞台，传统上这些文本材料一直是古典主义者的研究对象，因此在对共和国晚期的解释中发挥着主导作用。这种重点改变的一个后果将是增加对整个故事中新演员群体的关注。在这里，三个群体非常重要：乡村和小城镇的居民，而不是罗马的城市贫民和贵族；意大利人而不是罗马人（即半岛人口的一半到三分之二直到公元前 90 年左右才获得罗马公民身份）；以及帝国各地受罗马统治的其他民族的精英和民众。除了希腊人之外，他们的明确证词很少，我们常常依靠对考古遗迹的解释来让他们说话。但这并不是不努力的理由。最终的结果应该是一个叙述，试图从意大利的角度解释罗马崛起的独特性，罗马人深深地参与了这种观点，并且影响了他们对自己是谁以及他们认为自己要去哪里的感觉。这部剧中传统的男主角，基于文学来源的叙述，不会被驱逐出舞台，但现在会在真实的对话中听到他的话：这个角色和以前的配角必须互相照顾；结果应该是比以前更好地代表更多的玩家在更多的地点经历了罗马共和国的成长和失败。