The use and misuse of the barbarian invasions, 1732-2002

对野蛮人入侵的利用和误用，1732-2002

• 批准号: AH/G007217/1
• 负责人: Ian Wood
• 金额: $ 4.18万
• 依托单位: University of Leeds
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2009 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FG007217%2F1
• 关键词: use; misuse; barbarian; invasions; 1732

Context: Few historians working on Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages are aware of the origins of the debates in which they are now involved, and the ways in which those debates have changed over time. Equally, few people are aware of the extent to which debates about the Early Middle Ages (and especially the establishment of the barbarian kingdoms following the Fall of the Roman Empire) were drawn into social and political discourse in the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries.Among books on the Early Middle Ages, even major works like Chris Wickham's Framing the Early Middle Ages, have shown little awareness of the historiographical development of the subject, and although Walter Goffart's Barbarian Tides and Patrick Geary's Myth of Nations have paid more attention to past writing, they have only dealt with specific aspects of the material. The closest parallel to the book I am writing is La fabrique d'une nation, by Claude Nicolet: but his area of expertise is Ancient History, and his discussion is limited to France.Aims and Objectives: Among writers on the Modern Period, Joep Leerssen, in National Thought in Europe, has noted how certain aspects of Early Medieval History were have been exploited in the nineteenth century, but he has not demonstrated the consistency with which it has been exploited. By looking at the changing discourse on the Early Middle Ages from the Ancien Regime to the early twenty-first century, and by considering France, Italy, Germany and (to a lesser extent) England, and by incorporating case studies of certain works of art, literature and music, I will demonstrate the value of setting historiography in context, both for an understanding of the Early Middle Ages and for an understanding of more modern social and political debate.Chapter 1 will show how the Fall of the Roman Empire was used in debates over the privileges of the nobility, and in revolutionary discourse. Chapter 2 will examine the use of the Merovingians by Napoleon, and then by writers in the 1820s, notably Augustin Thierry. Chapter 3 will consider the transfer of Thierry's arguments to Italy, where they were used as a model for the depiction of the exploitation of the country by invaders. In addition to looking at historiography, this will also look at Risorgimento drama and opera. Chapter 4 will present the use of Early Medieval History, especially by Jacob Grimm, in the context of the unification of Germany, and in debates surrounding the extent of the new state. Chapter 5 will examine the extent to which the historiography of the barbarian invasions was influenced by the Franco-Prussian War, as well as the impact of those debates on public art in France, and on literature in Germany. Chapter 6 will consider the use of interpretations of Germanic settlement in justifying German aggression in 1914, and the scholarly reaction, above all of Henri Pirenne. Chapter 7 will consider the use of early medieval archaeology and of onomastics by the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich, and how that was used to draw up ideal boundaries for the Reich. It will also show how understanding of the Germanic peoples was becoming increasingly bound up with ideas of ethnicity. Chapter 8 will examine the reactions of scholars after 1945 to the use made of history in the Nazi period, and above all the attempts to remove the issue of ethnicity from the study of the barbarian peoples. Chapter 9 will consider the way in which public debate about the barbarian invasions has moved into the sphere of museum exhibitions, and how the underlying agenda has become one of the question of the definition of the EU. Looking beyond an academic audience, the chief benefit of the study will be to show how one period of history has been used and misused by politicians, and will point to the value of presenting history to a wide audience, but at the same time to the need to monitor the presentation.

背景：研究古代晚期和中世纪早期的历史学家很少意识到他们现在参与的辩论的起源，以及这些辩论随着时间的推移发生了怎样的变化。同样，很少有人意识到关于中世纪早期(尤其是罗马帝国灭亡后野蛮王国的建立)的争论在多大程度上被卷入了18、19和20世纪的社会和政治话语。在关于中世纪早期的书籍中，甚至像克里斯·韦翰的《勾勒中世纪早期》这样的主要著作，对这一主题的史学发展也几乎没有意识到，尽管沃尔特·戈法特的《野蛮人的潮汐》和帕特里克·吉里的《国家神话》对过去的写作给予了更多的关注，但他们只处理了材料的具体方面。与我正在写的这本书最相似的是克劳德·尼科莱的著作《古代历史》：但他的专业领域是古代史，他的讨论仅限于法国。目的和目标：在现代时期的作家中，乔普·利尔森在《欧洲的民族思想》一书中指出，19世纪早期中世纪历史的某些方面被利用了，但他没有证明它被利用的一致性。通过观察从旧制度到21世纪初中世纪早期不断变化的话语，通过考虑法国、意大利、德国和(在较小程度上)英国，并通过结合某些艺术、文学和音乐作品的案例研究，我将展示将史学置于背景中的价值，这既是为了理解中世纪早期，也是为了理解更现代的社会和政治辩论。第一章将展示罗马帝国的衰落是如何被用于关于贵族特权的辩论，以及在革命话语中。第二章将考察拿破仑对梅罗文吉安的使用，然后是19世纪20年代作家的使用，特别是奥古斯丁·蒂埃里。第三章将考虑蒂埃里的论点在意大利的转移，在意大利，这些论点被用作描述侵略者对国家的剥削的典范。除了考察史学，本书还将考察里索尔吉门托戏剧和歌剧。第四章将介绍早期中世纪历史的使用，特别是雅各布·格林，在德国统一的背景下，以及在围绕新国家范围的辩论中。第五章将考察普法战争对野蛮人入侵史学的影响程度，以及这些争论对法国公共艺术和德国文学的影响。第六章将讨论对日耳曼殖民地的解释在为1914年德国的侵略辩护时的使用，以及学者们的反应，首先是亨利·皮伦。第七章将讨论魏玛共和国和第三帝国对中世纪早期考古学和计量学的使用，以及如何用它来为帝国划定理想的边界。它还将展示对日耳曼民族的理解如何越来越多地与种族观念联系在一起。第八章将考察1945年后学者对纳粹时期使用历史的反应，最重要的是试图从野蛮民族的研究中去除种族问题。第9章将考虑关于野蛮人入侵的公开辩论如何进入博物馆展览领域，以及基本议程如何成为欧盟定义的问题之一。将目光投向学术受众之外，这项研究的主要好处将是展示一段历史是如何被政客们利用和滥用的，并将指出向广大受众展示历史的价值，但同时也指出了监督展示的必要性。