An integrated approach to the management, scientific study and conservation of battlefield artefact assemblages

战场文物组合管理、科学研究和保护的综合方法

• 批准号: AH/G015465/1
• 负责人: Rob Janaway
• 金额: $ 3.13万
• 依托单位: University of Bradford
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2009 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FG015465%2F1
• 关键词: integrated; approach; management; scientific; study

Battlefields and their associated artefacts form the basis of some of the most popular visitor attractions in Europe. They are the source of large numbers of both popular and scholarly books as well as the subject of television documentaries. The archaeological investigation of these sites not only has caught the public imagination but is an important tool in heritage management and site conservation. While traditionally the term Battlefield Archaeology has been used, currently Conflict Archaeology is preferred as it encompasses a wider remit to include small scale actions, siege warfare, prisoner of war camps etc. The exact locations of battlefields are often in dispute complicated by the ephemeral nature of much battlefield artefact assemblages. Both in terms of public interpretation and the management of landscapes under development threat or environmental denudation, the archaeological signature of these conflict sites has a significant contribution to play. Objects such as medieval arrow heads are subject to differential corrosion and loss in soil that has often been subject to agriculture for centuries. Battlefield archaeologists are starting to consider the effects of soil chemistry, agricultural practice, and the use of agrochemicals in the 20th Century as having a significant impact on the survivability of vulnerable battlefield assemblages.Modern battlefield-related assemblages, as typified by assemblages from WW1 provide distinct challenges to excavators, finds specialists, conservators and curators. These are sites that were fought over in living memory, and are subject to considerable development pressure. Twenty years ago this was not seen as the prevue of professional archaeologists and heritage organisation, but this is starting to change. These sites provide very specific challenges and do not lend themselves to traditional methods of finds processing and conservation. In addition to the issues related to identification and handling of unexploded ordinance, excavations of even short sections of WW1 trench produce vast quantities of metal artefacts. Industrial scale warfare produces industrial scale debris. With this type of excavation archaeologists and conservators are working with novel materials - early plastics such as the celluloid lenses in gas hoods, rubber and rubberised cloth, or the corrosion of sheet aluminium. While traditionally archaeologists and conservators have guidelines and well-established protocols for dealing with most types of excavated artefacts, there is an urgent need for new techniques and procedures to deal with these new challenges.The identification of the dead from recent conflicts such as WW1 is still of great interest to families and governments. While anthropological techniques have a role to play, in reality, except where dental records survive, the body itself does not often narrow down identification. It is increasingly recognised that the detailed analysis of kit/personal effects can refine an identification. In the first instance identification due to unit or army, based on surviving uniform remains including badges and buttons is relatively straightforward. Of more importance is the ability to analyse highly degraded items for clues to personal identity in the form of initials or service number. This can be on range of materials e.g. tooth brush handles, through metal spoons to personal books and paperwork. Unfortunately identity tags used in WW1 were not made of material that survives well after 90 years burial; these include stamped sheet aluminium and compressed card. This challenging work is at the interface between archaeology and police investigations.This research cluster will bring together specialists both in battlefield excavation and conservation science to define fundamental requirements for new research, set new agendas and, in so doing, place theinvestigation, management and public interpretation of past conflicts on a sounder scientific basis.

战场及其相关的人工制品构成了欧洲一些最受欢迎的游客景点的基础。它们是大量流行和学术书籍的来源，也是电视纪录片的主题。对这些站点的考古调查不仅引起了公众的想象，而且是遗产管理和现场保护的重要工具。尽管传统上已经使用了战场考古学一词，但目前首选冲突考古学，因为它涵盖了更广泛的职责，包括小规模的行动，攻城战，战俘营等。战场的确切位置通常会因多个战场上的人工伪像集合的神性性质而变得复杂。在公共解释和对发展威胁或环境剥夺下的景观的管理方面，这些冲突场所的考古签名都为游戏做出了重大贡献。中世纪箭头等物体在土壤中经常受到农业经常受到农业的侵蚀和损失的影响。战场考古学家开始考虑土壤化学，农业实践以及20世纪的农业化学物质的影响，因为对弱势战场组合的生存能力有重大影响。现代战场相关的组合，这是WW1的组成部分，WW1为Exgavators提供了独特的挑战，可为Exgavators提供了挑战。这些地点是在生命记忆中进行的，并且会承受巨大的发展压力。二十年前，这并没有被视为专业考古学家和遗产组织的prep，但这开始发生变化。这些站点提供了非常具体的挑战，并不适合传统的查找处理和保护方法。除了与未爆炸条例的识别和处理有关的问题外，即使是短暂的WW1沟渠的发掘也会产生大量的金属伪像。工业规模战会产生工业规模碎片。借助这种开挖考古学家和保护者正在使用新颖的材料 - 早期塑料，例如气罩，橡胶和橡胶布中的赛luloid镜，或板铝的腐蚀。尽管传统上，考古学家和保护者拥有处理大多数类型的挖掘工具的准则和良好的协议，但迫切需要采取新技术和程序来应对这些新挑战。从最近的冲突中，诸如WW1（例如WW1）对死者的识别仍然对家庭和政府具有极大的利益。尽管人类学技术可以发挥作用，但实际上，除非牙科记录生存，否则人体本身并不经常缩小识别范围。人们越来越认识到，套件/个人效果的详细分析可以完善标识。在首先是由于单位或军队引起的，基于幸存的制服遗骸，包括徽章和纽扣，相对简单。更重要的是能够以缩写或服务编号的形式分析高度退化的物品，以获取有关个人身份的线索。这可以在材料范围内，例如牙刷手柄，通过金属汤匙到个人书籍和文书工作。不幸的是，第二次世界大战中使用的身份标签不是由90年埋葬后生存得很好的材料制成的；这些包括纸张铝和压缩卡。这项具有挑战性的工作是在考古学和警察调查之间的界面。该研究集群将在战场挖掘和保护科学领域汇集专家，以定义新研究的基本要求，设定新的议程，并在这样做的情况下，将对过去的冲突和公众对过去的冲突进行稳健的科学依据。