Shooting Landscapes: the creation, management and use of grouse moorland in Yorkshire, 1750-2000

研究背景：英国的石楠荒原是一种标志性的、罕见的、独特的半自然高地景观，自上一个冰河时代结束以来一直在进化。然而，它们目前的范围和形式，包括植物群和动物群，在很大程度上源于它们在19世纪占据主导地位的大规模狩猎庄园内作为松鸡沼泽地的作用。今天，90%的松鸡地属于国家公园，AONB或具有某种形式的保护指定：66%的松鸡地被列为SSSI保护。针对沼地的许多研究都涉及生态系统和生境的保护和管理，特别是因为酸性泥炭土已被证明在碳汇方面起着重要作用。影响这些高地景观的景观管理和野生动物保护问题是相当大的，并且由于最近的气候变化而加剧。沼地也是最近发展开放获取计划的一个主要因素。因此，沼地保护是英国景观管理的一个关键领域。很少有人对作为文化景观的沼地的近代史和考古学进行研究。我们已经进行了许多关于史前考古和工业开发遗迹的调查，但是我们对于沼地作为游戏专属景观的理解却非常有限。最初的研究已经表明了与荒原狩猎庄园相关的考古和景观的重要性（Done和Muir 2001），但这还没有扩展到景观分析。这个项目是第一个系统地记录、解释和展示现代荒原考古学的尝试，重点关注它们的管理和作为精英追求射击的景观。它将记录与猎场有关的考古，如烟台、小屋、小屋、马厩、墙壁、边界标记，以及它们对狩猎的管理对景观特征的影响。它将探索社会和经济动态过渡到和从独家射击庄园。因此，它将对了解石南荒原演变的关键阶段作出重大贡献，这反过来将为当前的管理战略提供信息，并提高公众对景观资源的认识。目的和目标：该项目旨在了解和背景考古学与石南荒原开发作为现代时期的游戏栖息地，并评估其考古和环境遗产，以告知未来的解释和管理。该项目将记录与射击场有关的考古特征；除其他外，它将使用历史地图、庄园档案、狩猎记录和环境数据，以确定自19世纪初以来，狩猎庄园对荒原历史景观特征的影响，包括其历史生态。它还将探讨庄园及其衰落对当地社区和经济的影响。潜在的应用和好处：该研究将：1)AONB在制定更高层次的管理计划时使用，以告知与这些独特景观管理相关的未来策略。2)建立相关考古特征的综合记录和制图，以便对考古资源进行评估，为管理决策提供信息。3)在社区参与保护的基础上，为高海拔森林的教育和解释应用的发展提供信息。4)告知管理计划。5)通过公开讲座、导赏步行、网络资源和有关射击庄园考古的单张，提高公众对历史景观特征和意义的认识。Done & Mui

The context of the research: The heather moorlands of the UK are an iconic, rare and distinct form of semi-natural upland landscape that have evolved since the end of the last Ice Age. However, their current extent and form, including their flora and fauna, are largely derived from their role as grouse moors within extensive shooting estates that became dominant in the nineteenth century. Today 90% of grouse moors fall within a National Park, AONB or carry some form of conservation designation: 66% of grouse moors are protected as SSSI. Much of the research directed at moorlands is concerned with the conservation and management of the ecosystems and habitats, particularly since the acidic peat soils have been shown to play an important role as carbon sinks. The landscape management and wildlife conservation issues affecting these upland landscapes are considerable and have been exacerbated by recent climatic changes. Moorlands are also a major element in the recent development of open access schemes. As such, moorland conservation is a key area of landscape management in the UK.Little research has been conducted into the recent history and archaeology of moorlands as cultural landscapes. A number of surveys recording prehistoric archaeology and the remains of industrial exploitation have been undertaken, but our understanding of moorlands as exclusive game landscapes is extremely limited. Initial studies have indicated the importance of the archaeology and landscapes associated with moorland shooting estates (Done and Muir 2001) but this has not been extended into a landscape analysis. This project is the first systematic attempt to record, interpret and present the archaeology of the modern moors, focusing on their management and use as landscapes for the elite pursuit of shooting. It will record the archaeology associated with shooting estates, such as butts, lodges, huts, stables, walls, boundary markers, as well as the impact their management for game had on landscape character. It will explore the social and economic dynamics of transition to and from exclusive shooting estates. As such it will make a major contribution to understanding about a crucial phase in the evolution of the heather moorlands, which in turn will inform current managment strategies and increase public awareness of the landscape resource. Aims and objectives:The project aims to understand and contextualise the archaeology associated with the exploitation of heather moorland as a habitat for game in the modern period and to assess its archaeological and environmental legacy to inform future interpretation and management. The project will record archaeological features associated with shooting estates; it will use, inter alia, historic maps, estate archives, game records, and environmental data to ascertain the impact of shooting estates upon the historic landscape character of the moors, including their historical ecology, since the beginning of the nineteenth century. It will also explore the impact of the estates and their decline on local communities and their economies. Potential applications and benefits: The research will: 1)be used by the AONB when putting together Higher Level Stewardship Schemes, to inform future strategies relating to the management of these unique landscapes.2)create a comprehensive record and mapping of related archaeological features to enable an assessment of the archaeological resource, informing management decisions. 3)be used to inform the development of an education and interpretation application to HLF, based on community involvement in conservation. 4)inform the management plan.5)be used to raise public awareness of historic landscape character and significance through public lectures, guided walks, web-resources, and leaflets on the archaeology of shooting estates. Done & Mui