Constructing a German Diaspora: The 'Greater German Empire', 1871-1918

构建德国侨民：“大德意志帝国”，1871-1918 年

• 批准号: AH/I025794/1
• 负责人: Stefan Manz
• 金额: $ 5.12万
• 依托单位: Aston University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2012 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FI025794%2F1
• 关键词: Constructing; German; Diaspora; Greater; Empire

German unification in 1871 had a significant impact on those Germans who found themselves living outside, or migrating across, the borders of the newly founded Empire. An expansion of numbers and destinations was accompanied by a gradual redefinition of migrants' relationship with their country of origin. They were increasingly represented as outposts of a 'Greater German Empire' whose ethnic links with the mother country had to be preserved for their own and the Empire's benefits. Germans worldwide underwent a redefinition from geographically scattered and disparate groups to an ostensibly unified transnational 'community of spirit'. The study is the first to provide a comprehensive analysis of this process not only within the German Empire, but also within German ethnic communities abroad.After giving a global overview of Germans settling outside the borders of the Reich, the study analyses the public discourse surrounding emigrants and their relationship with the homeland. The unified Reich provided an arsenal of metaphors and symbolic rallying points with a global reach. The Kaiser's birthday, for example, was celebrated annually by German communities worldwide. The German language assumed ideological implications as the prime marker of ethnic belonging. The identification of many emigrants with the nationalist project of their homeland justifies the application of the diaspora concept. This argument is followed up in a discussion of the relationship between protestantism, nationalism and transnationality. The analysis moves on to the activities of the Central League for German Navy Clubs Abroad, a nationalist organisation with a global network of affiliated clubs. A local case study on Glasgow, then, applies the framework set out in the previous chapters to a selected migrant community. The final section on World War I analyses the frictions arising from diaspora nationalism on the one hand, and Germanophobia in a number of host societies, on the other hand.The project confirms the consensus in the existing literature that the internal cohesion of German ethnic communities was limited due to persisting regional, religious, political, and class affiliations. It also confirms that Germans found themselves in a multitude of different settings, creating hybrid identities and different host-minority relationships. It argues, however, that pertinent scholarship has, so far, not sufficiently discussed the relevance of a Reich-focused nationalist discourse for the construction of migrants' individual and group identities. The 'Greater German Empire' did not remain a fictitious construct but became embedded in migrants' sense of national belonging and ethnic identity. The study is based on a large body of primary sources which will be critically discussed and embedded within the existing literature. The main foci of critical source interrogation revolve around, firstly, the question to what extent one-dimensional nationalistic texts produced by pressure-groups and ethnic leaders appropriately reflect the multi-faceted character of ethnicity, and, secondly, the problem that most of the texts that have been archived were produced by members of the educated middle-classes. It is therefore crucial that the analysis does not stop at the discourse level but also takes into account social and economic data from the communities studied. This approach is most pronounced in the section on Glasgow which adds a differentiated microhistorical analysis to the global framework. The project brings together constructivist approaches to ethno-national identity formation and transnationalist approaches to understanding the German Empire within its global entanglements. This approach has previously been applied to geographically confined German communities, and my global perspective will now further advance its theoretical potential to enhance our understanding of the mechanics and construction of global diasporas generally.

1871年的德意志统一对那些发现自己生活在新成立的帝国边界之外或移民的德国人产生了重大影响。随着移民人数和目的地的扩大，移民与其原籍国的关系也逐渐得到重新界定。他们越来越多地被视为“大德意志帝国”的前哨，为了自己和帝国的利益，他们必须保持与母国的民族联系。世界各地的德国人经历了从地理上分散和不同的群体到表面上统一的跨国“精神共同体”的重新定义。这项研究首次全面分析了这一过程，不仅在德意志帝国，而且在海外的德意志民族社区。在概述了德国人在帝国边界之外定居的总体情况后，该研究分析了围绕移民及其与祖国关系的公共话语。统一后的德意志帝国提供了一系列具有全球影响力的隐喻和象征意义的集结点。例如，德国皇帝的生日每年都会被世界各地的德国人庆祝。德语的意识形态含义被认为是种族归属的主要标志。许多移民认同其祖国的民族主义计划，这证明了散居概念的适用是正当的。这一论点是在讨论新教，民族主义和跨国之间的关系。接着分析了德国海军海外俱乐部中央联盟（Central League for German Navy Clubs Abroad）的活动，这是一个民族主义组织，拥有一个全球性的附属俱乐部网络。然后，一个关于格拉斯哥的本地案例研究将前面章节中设定的框架应用于一个选定的移民社区。关于第一次世界大战的最后一节，一方面分析了散居民族主义所产生的摩擦，另一方面分析了许多东道国社会中的德国恐惧症。该项目证实了现有文献中的共识，即德国民族社区的内部凝聚力由于持续存在的区域、宗教、政治和阶级关系而受到限制。它还证实，德国人发现自己处于多种不同的环境中，创造了混合身份和不同的主人-少数民族关系。然而，它认为，到目前为止，相关的学术研究还没有充分讨论以帝国为中心的民族主义话语与移民个人和群体身份建构的相关性。“大德意志帝国”不再是一个虚构的概念，而是融入了移民的国家归属感和种族认同感。该研究基于大量的主要来源，将在现有文献中进行批判性讨论和嵌入。关键资料审讯的主要焦点围绕以下问题：首先，压力集团和种族领导人制作的一维民族主义文本在多大程度上恰当地反映了种族的多面性；其次，大多数存档的文本都是由受过教育的中产阶级成员制作的。因此，至关重要的是，分析不应停留在话语层面，而应考虑到所研究社区的社会和经济数据。这种方法在关于格拉斯哥的部分中最为明显，该部分在全球框架中添加了差异化的微观历史分析。该项目汇集了种族-国家认同形成的建构主义方法和跨国主义方法，以理解德意志帝国在其全球纠葛中的作用。这种方法以前被应用于地理上受限制的德国社区，我的全球视角现在将进一步推进其理论潜力，以增强我们对全球散居者的机制和结构的理解。

项目成果

>>Germans like to quarrel<< Conflict and belonging in German diasporic communities around 1900

>>德国人喜欢争吵<< 1900年左右德国侨民社区的冲突和归属感

• DOI: 10.4119/indi-1024
• 发表时间: 2016
• 期刊: InterDisciplines
• 作者: Manz S

Constructing a German Diaspora: The "Greater German Empire", 1871-1914

构建德国侨民：“大德意志帝国”，1871-1914 年

• DOI: 10.4324/9781315765709
• 发表时间: 2014
• 作者: S. Manz

The Discourse of British and German Colonialism - Convergence and Competition

英德殖民主义话语——趋同与竞争

• DOI: 10.4324/9780429446214-3
• 发表时间: 2020
• 作者: Manz S

Protestantism, nation and diaspora in I mperial G ermany

德意志帝国的新教、民族和侨民

• DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8129.2012.00547.x
• 发表时间: 2012
• 期刊: Nations and Nationalism
• 影响因子: 2.2
• 作者: Manz S

Nationalism Gone Global: The Hauptverband Deutscher Flottenvereine im Auslande 1898-1918

走向全球的民族主义：1898-1918 年间德国陆军联合会

• DOI: 10.1093/gerhis/ghs021
• 发表时间: 2012
• 期刊: German History
• 影响因子: 0.6
• 作者: Manz S