Early urbanism in prehistoric Europe?: the case of the Tripillye mega-sites

史前欧洲的早期城市化？：特里皮利巨型遗址的案例

• 批准号: AH/I025867/1
• 负责人: John Chapman
• 金额: $ 81.03万
• 依托单位: Durham University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2012 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FI025867%2F1
• 关键词: Early; urbanism; prehistoric; Europe; case

The Tripillye - Cucuteni culture of Ukraine, Moldova and North East Romania (5000 - 2700 BC) has been termed 'Europe's last civilization' - a late flowering of 'Old Europe' at a time when settled village life, advances in gold and copper metallurgy and vivid and varied material culture had come to an end a millennium or more earlier in most other regions of South East Europe. Although Gordon Childe introduced Tripillye to mainstream Western archaeology in the 1920s, the publication of most site monographs and articles in local languages has limited knowledge and the impact of Tripillyan discoveries to a small group of specialists. This has led to the neglect of the most striking aspect of Tripillyan practices - the development of a series of mega-sites, covering 200 - 450 ha, which are the largest sites in 4th millennium Europe and as large as the Early Bronze Age city of Uruk (Mesopotamia). The sheer size of these 'mega-sites' not only prompts questions of the complexity of social structure(s) necessary to sustain such settlements, and the logistics and long-term planning needed to provision them but also makes them very hard to investigate. After 2 decades of excavation, Ukrainian colleagues are currently unable to sequence the houses on a single mega-site by scientific dating, preventing us from working out the population size at any given phase of the site occupation and hindering attempts to elucidate the sequence of mega-site growth, floruit and collapse. Currently, we can neither place mega-sites in a micro-regional or regional settlement context nor understand their human impact on the forest steppe landscape. Our response to these research issues was the creation of an inter-disciplinary research project, jointly organised by Durham University (Chapman) and the Kyiv Institute of Archaeology (Videiko). Our preliminary summer 2009 field season enabled a field test of the methods proposed to understand the 250-ha. mega-site of Nebelivka, midway between Kyiv and Odessa. Geophysical prospection of 15ha of the site enabled the recognition of over 60 burnt structures in rows or streets, 18 of which were sampled by hand coring to depths of 0.80m to extract burnt house daub. The plant remains inserted into the daub can be directly dated by the AMS method, thereby providing a timeline for each individual houses. The aim is to recover 100 AMS dates from different parts of Nebelivka, enabling a sequencing of the whole settlement and the modelling of mega-site growth. Excavation of one complete burnt Tripillye house by the Ukrainian team in 2009 provided comparable 14C samples of other materials (bone, seeds, pottery). Initial fieldwalking in the environs of Nebelivka suggests that the land near the mega-site may have been devoted to cultivation; but much more fieldwalking in a 10-km radius is needed to provide insights into the nature of the local settlement structures and their social meanings. Peat deposits were identified to provide a regional vegetation history, with which to compare the local histories of mega-site environmental impact as recorded in nearby alluvial sequences. These fieldwork strategies will be enhanced by the analysis of satellite imagery to assess the amount of disturbance to mega-sites through earth-moving; the existence of crop-mark sites within the Nebelivka micro-region; and the variability in mega-site plans through time and across the whole Tripillye distribution. The research strategy of focussing on three different spatial levels - site, micro-region and macro-region - provides a platform for the integration and interpretation of much fresh data which has a high potential for answering the three crucial issues raised by Tripillye mega-sites: what are the details of a well-sequenced mega-site?; how was the provisioning of such large sites managed across the landscape?; and can we detect a trajectory towards local, European urbanism?

Tirpillye -Cucuteni文化，乌克兰文化，摩尔多瓦和东北罗马尼亚（公元前5000 - 2700年）被称为“欧洲的最后文明” - 在定居的乡村生活，黄金和铜制和铜的金属和生动的物质文化中，“旧欧洲”的晚期开花，到了千禧一代或更早的南方欧洲，大多数是南方的欧洲。尽管戈登·柴尔德（Gordon Childe）在1920年代将Tripillye介绍给了西方主流考古学，但以当地语言的大多数网站专着和文章的出版都有有限的知识，而Tripillyan发现对一小群专家的影响。这导致忽视了Tirpillyan实践中最引人注目的方面 - 一系列的大型地点的发展，覆盖200-450公顷，这是第四千年欧洲最大的地点，与青铜时代早期的城市Uruk（Mesopotamia）一样大。 这些“大型站点”的庞大规模不仅提示了维持此类定居点所需的社会结构复杂性的问题，以及提供它们所需的后勤和长期计划，而且还使它们很难进行调查。经过20年的发掘，乌克兰同事目前无法通过科学的约会来对单个大型站点的房屋进行对，从而阻止了我们在现场占用的任何给定阶段中锻炼人口规模，并阻碍了阐明大型西特，毛茸茸，绒毛和崩溃的序列。目前，我们既不能在微区域或区域定居环境中放置大型地点，也不能理解他们对森林草原景观的影响。 我们对这些研究问题的回应是由达勒姆大学（Chapman）和基辅考古研究所（Videiko）共同组织的一个跨学科研究项目。我们的2009年夏季实地季节我们的初步实地测试了拟议的方法，以了解250-HA。 Nebelivka的巨型地点，基辅和敖德萨之间的中途。该地点15公顷的地球物理假期使行或街道上的60多个燃烧结构的识别能够识别，其中18个是用手工加油到0.80m的深度，以提取燃烧的房屋涂鸦。该工厂仍可以通过AMS方法直接插入DAUB，从而为每个房屋提供时间表。目的是从Nebelivka的不同部分回收100 AMS，从而使整个沉降和大型站点生长的建模能够进行测序。乌克兰团队在2009年对一座完全烧毁的Tripillye House发掘提供了可比的14C其他材料样品（骨，种子，陶器）。 Nebelivka周围环境中最初的野外行走表明，大型站点附近的土地可能专门用于耕种。但是，需要在10公里半径中进行更多的野外行走，以提供对当地定居结构及其社会含义的性质的见解。鉴定出泥炭沉积物提供了区域植被史，以比较附近冲积序列中记录的大型位点环境影响的局部历史。通过对卫星图像的分析，将增强这些现场工作策略，以评估通过移动地球对大型位置的干扰量； Nebelivka微区域内的作物标记的存在；以及整个Tripillye分销的大型站点计划的变化。 专注于三个不同的空间级别的研究策略 - 站点，微区和宏观区域 - 为整合和解释许多新鲜数据提供了一个平台，这些数据具有很高的潜力，可以回答Tripillye Mega网站提出的三个至关重要的问题：一个良好的Mega站点的细节是什么？如何在整个景观中管理如此大型地点的供应？我们可以发现对欧洲城市主义的轨迹吗？

项目成果

Trypillia mega-sites in European prehistory 4100 - 3400 BC

欧洲史前 4100 - 3400 BC 的特里皮利亚巨型遗址

• 发表时间: 2016
• 作者: Chapman, J.

Decadal-resolution palaeo-ecology at the Trypillia mega-site of Nebelivka, Ukraine

乌克兰涅贝利夫卡特里皮利亚巨型遗址的十年分辨率古生态学

• 期刊: Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
• 影响因子: 2.5
• 作者: Albert, B.

Eurasia at the Dawn of History - Urbanization and Social Change

历史黎明时的欧亚大陆 - 城市化与社会变革

• DOI: 10.1017/9781316550328.006
• 发表时间: 2017
• 作者: Chapman J

Neolithic and Copper Age between the Carpathians and the Aegean Sea.

喀尔巴阡山脉和爱琴海之间的新石器时代和铜器时代。

• 发表时间: 2015
• 作者: Chapman, J.

The Second Phase of the Trypillia Mega-Site Methodological Revolution: A New Research Agenda

Trypillia 巨型站点方法论革命的第二阶段：新的研究议程

• DOI: 10.1179/1461957114y.0000000062
• 发表时间: 2017
• 期刊: European Journal of Archaeology
• 影响因子: 1.5
• 作者: Chapman J