Knowledge of Emotion: Expression and Social Cognition

情感知识：表达和社会认知

• 批准号: AH/I026553/1
• 负责人: Joel Smith
• 金额: $ 20.97万
• 依托单位: University of Manchester
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2012 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FI026553%2F1
• 关键词: Knowledge; Emotion; Expression; Social; Cognition

It is important to know the emotional state of those around us. We need to know how others are feeling to assess their sincerity and to act rightly with respect to them. Attributions of emotional states to others play a crucial role in our social lives. Consequently, it is crucial to be able to distinguish those emotion attributions that qualify as knowledge from those that do not. We usually attribute emotions to others on the basis of their expressions of emotion. The overarching aim of this project is to explain how emotional expression can enable us to know the emotions of others. This will require an understanding of the nature both of emotional expression and of the various emotional phenomena that can be expressed. Consequently, we will identify the variety of different expressible emotional phenomena (such as feelings, emotional dispositions, moods, and emotional character traits), and the variety of means by which they can be expressed (for example, through facial expressions, vocalisations and other actions and bodily movements). We will then determine the rational grounds in virtue of which expression-based attributions of emotion constitute knowledge. In doing so, we will distinguish emotion attributions based on 'in the flesh' perception of emotional expressions from emotion attributions based on the perception of both static and dynamic images and audio recordings of emotional expressions. We will investigate whether, and how, the rational grounds of expression-based emotion attributions vary across different representational media and 'in the flesh' perception. The project will bring together researchers in a number of fields (social cognition, the emotions, expression) and across disciplines (philosophy, psychology, law). It will benefit academic research in philosophy, most notably in the areas of social cognition and epistemology, which have tended to focus on the rational grounds of belief attributions, by elucidating the rational grounds of emotion attributions, thus broadening our understanding of how we can come to know the mental states of others. It also has potential implications for experimental design in psychology. By elucidating the differences between the rational grounds for emotion attributions based on 'in the flesh' perception of emotional expressions, and the rational grounds of emotion attributions based on the perception of images, it will illuminate the broader implications of experiments about emotion attribution conducted using images representing emotional expressions. Beyond academia, the project has important implications for legal practice. Legal decisions are frequently influenced by judgments about the emotions of others. For example, knowledge of defendants' emotional states can be crucial to determining both whether or not they have committed a crime - as with hate crimes - and to determining the extent of their responsibility for crimes they have committed - as with crimes of passion. By elucidating the requirements for knowledge of the emotions of others, the project has the capacity to affect how legal decisions are made. Furthermore, by clarifying when, and how, we know what emotion another is expressing, the project will assist our understanding of the expression of emotion in different artistic media, and is thus of potential value to both practitioners and consumers of the visual arts.

了解我们周围人的情绪状态是很重要的。我们需要知道别人的感受，以评估他们的诚意，并正确地对待他们。将情绪状态归因于他人在我们的社会生活中起着至关重要的作用。因此，能够区分那些符合知识条件的情感归因与那些不符合知识条件的情感归因是至关重要的。我们通常根据他人的情感表达来给他们赋予情感。这个项目的首要目标是解释情绪表达如何使我们了解他人的情绪。这需要理解情感表达的本质和各种可以表达的情感现象。因此，我们将识别各种不同的可表达的情感现象（如感觉、情绪倾向、情绪和情感性格特征），以及各种可以表达它们的方式（例如，通过面部表情、发声和其他动作和身体动作）。然后，我们将确定基于表达的情感归因构成知识的理性依据。在此过程中，我们将区分基于“亲身”感知的情绪表达的情感归因和基于对静态和动态图像以及情绪表达录音的感知的情感归因。我们将调查基于表情的情感归因的理性依据是否以及如何在不同的表征媒体和“肉体”感知中有所不同。该项目将汇集多个领域（社会认知、情感、表达）和跨学科（哲学、心理学、法律）的研究人员。它将有利于哲学的学术研究，特别是在社会认知和认识论领域，这些领域倾向于关注信仰归因的理性依据，通过阐明情感归因的理性依据，从而拓宽我们对如何了解他人心理状态的理解。这对心理学的实验设计也有潜在的启示。通过阐明基于“肉体”感知的情感归因的理性依据与基于图像感知的情感归因的理性依据之间的差异，将阐明使用代表情感表达的图像进行的情感归因实验的更广泛含义。在学术界之外，该项目对法律实践也有重要影响。法律决定经常受到他人情绪判断的影响。例如，了解被告的情绪状态对于确定他们是否犯罪（如仇恨犯罪）以及确定他们对所犯罪行的责任程度（如激情犯罪）至关重要。通过阐明了解他人情绪的需求，项目有能力影响法律决策的制定。此外，通过澄清我们何时以及如何了解他人所表达的情感，该项目将有助于我们理解不同艺术媒介中情感的表达，从而对视觉艺术的从业者和消费者都具有潜在的价值。

项目成果

The Ontology of Emotions

情感本体论

• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Smith, J.

Are Emotions Embodied Evaluative Attitudes?

情绪是否体现了评价态度？

• 发表时间: 2014
• 期刊: Disputatio
• 影响因子: 0.3
• 作者: Smith, J.

Art, Mind, and Narrative - Themes from the Work of Peter Goldie

艺术、心灵和叙事——彼得·戈尔迪作品的主题

• DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198769736.003.0009
• 发表时间: 2016
• 作者: Smith J

The Phenomenology of Face-to-Face Mindreading

面对面读心的现象学

• DOI: 10.1111/phpr.12063
• 发表时间: 2013
• 期刊: Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
• 影响因子: 1.5
• 作者: Smith J

Expression in the Representational Arts

具象艺术中的表达

• 发表时间: 2013
• 期刊: American Philosophical Quarterly
• 影响因子: 0.8
• 作者: Abell, C.