'Enemy of the People': Visual Representations of Chiang Kai-shek in communist, Japanese and Taiwanese propaganda

我申请AHRC奖学金是为了在新的方向上发展我现有的关于蒋介石的史学和个人崇拜的工作，并具体研究蒋介石在整个20世纪不同时期被他的许多敌人嘲笑、讽刺和讽刺的方式。蒋介石可以说是20世纪亚洲最具争议性的领导人之一：他在中国国民党及其盟友中的支持者崇拜他，然而他在日本、中国大陆和台湾的许多敌人却将他妖魔化。虽然在20世纪80年代和90年代，关于如何描绘蒋介石的问题在很大程度上被学术界所忽视，但近年来，随着他的遗产被重新评估，与他的生活有关的新资料越来越容易获得，蒋介石已经成为学术、媒体和社会关注的焦点。然而，尽管蒋介石在亚洲大陆的日本战时宣传、中国共产党媒体和中国内战及1949年之后的宣传以及20世纪50年代和60年代流亡的台湾独立活动人士的出版物中无处不在，但迄今为止，几乎没有人研究过他的批评者和敌人是如何从视觉上描绘蒋介石的。本项目试图填补这一空白的文献。基于我对蒋个人崇拜创造的正面描写的广泛工作，并结合许多由苏联视觉文化学者开创的新方法方法，我试图研究以下研究问题：-蒋介石的敌人或批评者所产生的视觉描写在过去几十年里是如何变化和发展的，我们能否追踪这些描写中特定比喻的发展？-是谁特别创作了这些描绘？他们对蒋介石的形象对其他艺术家和宣传人员的作品有何影响？——在何种程度上，以何种方式，对中国和中国国民党的某些看法被他的批评者投射到对蒋介石的描绘上？-是否有可能了解中国大陆、台湾和其他地方的观众对这些图像的接受情况？-“反蒋”宣传的文化史对更广泛地研究20世纪独裁者的表现有何贡献？获得奖学金后，将完成两篇期刊文章（一篇提交给《现代中国》，另一篇提交给《艺术杂志》），一篇杂志文章（中文），并在谢菲尔德人文研究所建立一个在线图片库（由不同艺术家对蒋的负面或讽刺描述）。

I am applying for this AHRC Fellowship so that I might develop my existing work on the historiography and personality cult of Chiang Kai-shek in new directions, and look specifically at the ways in which Chiang was derided, satirised and caricatured by his many enemies at different points throughout the twentieth century. Chiang Kai-shek was arguably one of the most divisive leaders in twentieth-century Asia: worshipped by his supporters within the Chinese Nationalist Party and its allies, yet demonised by his many enemies in Japan, China and Taiwan. While questions of how Chiang was depicted were largely ignored in scholarship emanating in the 1980s and 1990s, Chiang has become the focus of intense academic, media and lay attention over more recent years as his legacy is reappraised and new sources relating to his life become more accessible.As yet, however, virtually no work has been done on the ways in which Chiang was visually depicted by his detractors and enemies - despite his ubiquity in Japanese wartime propaganda on the Asian mainland, communist Chinese media and propaganda during the Chinese Civil War and the immediate post-1949 period, and in publications by exiled Taiwanese pro-independence activists in the 1950s and 1960s. This project seeks to fill this gap in the literature. Building on my extensive work on positive depictions of Chiang created through the Chiang personality cult, and incorporating many of the new methodological approaches that are being pioneered by scholars of Soviet visual culture, I seek to examine the following research questions:- How did visual depictions produced by enemies or critics of Chiang change and develop over the decades, and can we trace the development of specific tropes in these depictions?- Who specifically created such depictions, and how did their images of Chiang influence the work of other artists and propagandists?- To what extent, and in what ways, were certain ideas about China and the Chinese Nationalists projected onto representations of Chiang by his detractors?- Is it possible to learn anything about the reception of such images amongst their perceived audiences in China, Taiwan and elsewhere?- What can a cultural history of 'anti-Chiang' propaganda contribute to wider scholarship on representations of twentieth-century dictators?The fellowship will result in the completion of two journal articles (one to be submitted to Modern China, the other to Art Journal), one magazine article (in Chinese) and the establishment of an on-line image bank (of negative or satirical depictions of Chiang by various different artists) at Sheffield's Humanities Research Institute.