The Pre-Raphaelites and Science

拉斐尔前派与科学

• 批准号: AH/J005525/1
• 负责人: John Holmes
• 金额: $ 8.54万
• 依托单位: University of Reading
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2012 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FJ005525%2F1
• 关键词: Pre; Raphaelites; Science

The research for this Fellowship will form a major part of the first systematic study of the relationship between Pre-Raphaelite art in all its forms and science. The Pre-Raphaelites were the most original, experimental and influential of Victorian art movements, and they remain the most popular. The last year alone has seen major exhibitions of the Pre-Raphaelites and Italy, photography, drawing and design. It may seem counter-intuitive to link the Pre-Raphaelites, famous for their medievalism, to science, but they were the only Victorian artists to make this link repeatedly in their own manifestos, from essays in their early periodical 'The Germ' (1850) to Holman Hunt's retrospective account of the movement 'Pre-Raphaelitism and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood' (1905). In such writings they argued that art should draw on and even emulate the sciences. Many critics have seen this as a marker of the Pre-Raphaelites' claim to being a modern art movement, but few have taken it seriously as a guide to how we might read their art itself. I will be exploring in detail the different positions the Pre-Raphaelites took on the relationship between art and science, to see how far the claims they make for how art should respond to science are borne out in their painting, design, sculpture and poetry. During the Fellowship itself I will be working on four key topics. Firstly, I will be working closely with the Oxford University Museum of Natural History and the Natural History Museum in South Kensington to see how the Pre-Raphaelites influenced the buildings in which the Victorians put their scientific view of the natural world on display. Through the patronage of John Ruskin, the Pre-Raphaelites were directly involved in the design and decoration of the Oxford University Museum. I will be tracing this involvement in detail, to see how they helped to shape the building, both in practice and through their ideals. I will be looking too at how the Natural History Museum was shaped by Pre-Raphaelite aesthetics, particularly in the decorations that Richard Owen commissioned and Alfred Waterhouse designed for the inside and outside of the building. A close study of these two buildings will show how the spaces which we still use today to present our own scientific understanding of nature were shaped by Pre-Raphaelite aesthetic principles. Secondly, I will be conducting an experiment in art criticism to see whether a fuller knowledge of what the Pre-Raphaelites said about science changes how we look at their paintings themselves. I'll be studying Pre-Raphaelite paintings and drawings in the major collections around the UK, including the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, Tate Britain, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Walker Art Gallery and the Lady Lever Art Gallery in Liverpool, and the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. I'll be working particularly closely with the Manchester Art Gallery and the Manchester Museum to devise ways of involving the general public and scientists themselves in this experiment, based on the existing models of their respective Pre-Raphaelite Experiment and Living Worlds exhibits. Thirdly, I will be studying the papers of the Anthropological Society in the Royal Anthropological Institute to see how they bear on the poetry of A. C. Swinburne. Swinburne was a member of the Anthropological Society, at which scientific questions over evolution, race, sex, and the relationship of savagery to civilization were hotly debated between its foundation in 1863 and its merger with the Ethnological Society in 1871. This will be the first thorough study of how these debates are reflected in his poetry from the same period. Fourthly, I will be reading systematically through the 'Fortnightly Review' from 1867 to 1873, to put the many Pre-Raphaelite poems published in this periodical in these years back into the context of its well-known commitment to positivism and scientific materialism.

这项研究金的研究将构成关于拉斐尔派前艺术在各种形式和科学之间关系的首次系统研究的重要组成部分。拉斐尔前派是维多利亚时代艺术运动的最原始，实验性和影响力，它们仍然是最受欢迎的。仅最后一年，就看到了拉斐尔前派和意大利，摄影，绘画和设计的主要展览。以中世纪的闻名，将拉斐尔前派与科学闻名，但他们是唯一一位在自己的宣言中反复建立这种联系的维多利亚时代艺术家，从他们的早期期刊《胚芽》（1850年）到霍尔曼·亨特（Holman Hunt）的回顾展，这是唯一在自己的宣言中反复建立这种联系的维多利亚时代艺术家，到了霍尔曼·亨特（Holman Hunt）的回顾性报道。在这样的著作中，他们认为艺术应该借鉴甚至模仿科学。许多批评家认为这是拉斐尔人声称是现代艺术运动的标志，但很少有人认真对待它作为我们如何阅读艺术本身的指南。我将详细探讨拉斐尔派前者对艺术与科学之间关系的不同立场，以了解他们对艺术应如何应对科学的主张在其绘画，设计，雕塑和诗歌中所承受的。在团契本身中，我将研究四个关键主题。首先，我将与牛津大学自然历史博物馆和南肯辛顿的自然历史博物馆紧密合作，以了解拉斐尔前派如何影响维多利亚人对自然世界的科学观点的建筑。通过约翰·鲁斯金（John Ruskin）的赞助，拉斐尔前派直接参与了牛津大学博物馆的设计和装饰。我将详细介绍这种参与，以了解它们如何帮助建筑物在实践中和理想中塑造建筑物。我也将研究自然历史博物馆是如何由拉斐尔特（Raphaelite）美学塑造的，尤其是在理查德·欧文（Richard Owen）委托委托和阿尔弗雷德·沃特豪斯（Alfred Waterhouse）设计的装饰中。对这两座建筑物的仔细研究将显示我们今天仍在使用的空间如何呈现我们对自然的科学理解的方式是由拉斐尔特前美学原理塑造的。其次，我将进行艺术批评的实验，以了解对拉斐尔前派对科学的说法是否有更充分的了解改变了我们对他们的画作本身的看法。我将在英国的主要收藏集中研究拉斐尔派前绘画和绘画，包括伯明翰博物馆和美术馆，泰特英国，维多利亚和阿尔伯特博物馆，沃克美术馆和利物浦的Lady Lever Art Gallery以及牛津的Ashmolean Museum。我将与曼彻斯特美术馆和曼彻斯特博物馆特别紧密地合作，以根据各自的拉斐尔派前实验和生活世界展览的​​现有模型来设计与公众和科学家一起参与本实验的方法。第三，我将研究皇家人类学研究所人类学学会的论文，以了解它们如何在A. C. Swinburne的诗歌中。斯温本（Swinburne）是人类学社会的成员，在该社会上，关于进化，种族，性别以及野蛮文明的关系的科学问题在1863年的基础与1871年与民族学会的合并之间进行了激烈的辩论。这将是对这些辩论在同一时期中如何在他的诗歌中反映出这些辩论的首次彻底研究。第四，我将在1867年至1873年的“每两周回顾”中系统地阅读，以使这些年前在这些期刊上发表的许多前拉斐尔派诗歌成为其对实证主义和科学唯物主义的众所周知的承诺。

项目成果

Science and the Language of Natural History Museum Architecture: Problems of Interpretation

科学与自然历史博物馆建筑的语言：解释问题

• DOI: 10.29311/mas.v17i3.3212
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Museum and Society
• 作者: Holmes J

The Pre-Raphaelites and Science (published June 2018)

拉斐尔前派与科学（2018 年 6 月出版）

• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Holmes JR

Algernon Swinburne, Anthropologist

阿尔杰农·斯温伯恩，人类学家

• DOI: 10.12929/jls.09.1.02
• 发表时间: 2016
• 期刊: Journal of Literature and Science
• 作者: Holmes J

Ruskin, the Pre-Raphaelites and the Oxford Museum

拉斯金、拉斐尔前派和牛津博物馆

• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Holmes, J R

Victorian Sustainability in Literature and Culture

维多利亚时代文学和文化的可持续性

• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Holmes, J. R.