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From Thebes to Mycenae: exploring divergent vitreous industries in Mycenaean Greece

从底比斯到迈锡尼：探索希腊迈锡尼的不同玻璃工业

基本信息

批准号：
AH/J008133/1
负责人：
Kalliopi Nikita
金额：
$ 8.28万
依托单位：
University of Nottingham
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2012
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2012 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FJ008133%2F1
关键词：
Thebes Mycenae exploring divergent vitreous

项目摘要

The proposed project is an interdisciplinary investigation of glass and allied vitreous materials in the Mycenaean World, c. 1600-1050 BC. By focusing on the vitreous industries at the palaces of Mycenae and Thebes this study principally aims to provide models for the structure and operation of the vitreous industries and compare technological and economic aspects of their production. The technological origins and evolution of glass as an independent material in the Old World are only vaguely known. The mid-second millennium BC sees the appearance of fully-fledged glass industries in the Middle East and Egypt, which has always been associated with the making of glass vessels due to their large scale production. Nevertheless, the Mycenaean glass industry is set apart from its contemporary glass-producing centres due to the almost exclusive manufacture of glass ornaments. Mycenaean glass is mainly found in dark blue and turquoise colour and its forms fall into the iconographic repertoire of the typical Mycenaean jewellery.Despite evidence of interaction amongst crafts and industries through diverse cultural encounters, the archaeological and to an extent, analytical evidence, has demonstrated an independent operation of glass industries. To date there is little understanding as to whether the Mycenaean glass industry involved primary production. To help answer this question, scientific analyses of glass from the Palaces of Mycenae and Thebes will be used to explore the evolutionary stages of Mycenaean glass technology. To allow further comparison the acropolis of Midea in the vicinity of Mycenae and sites in the northern periphery of the Mycenaean dominion, Phokis and Lokris, the Ionian islands, and Cyprus in the far east of the Mycenaean World will also be included. These regions have been selected due to the abundance and diversity of vitreous objects and their involvement in a dynamic trade of goods in the Late Bronze Age.Chemical and microstructural characterisation in conjunction with targeted trace element analysis will be used as a means of characterising raw materials of the widest collection of well-dated glass artefacts across the Mycenaean World. By identifying trace element discriminants in glass raw materials, and linking these to their geological sources, the degree of independence of vitreous industries can be identified. Procurement of raw materials, raw glass, finished glass objects will be examined within the trade networks of vitreous industries in the Near East, Mediterranean and Europe. By tracing the broader cultural contacts amongst Mycenaean palatial states and urban centres in the Aegean, the degree of independence of the Mycenaean glass industry will be defined. This will further elucidate the puzzling infrequence of Mycenaean glass in sites of the Mycenaean periphery or outside the Mycenaean dominion. In addition, patterns of glass exchange will be illustrated, technology transfer and the extent of industrial interaction amongst glass-producing centres will be highlighted and ultimately, an outline of possible monopolies in glass production and circulation will be provided within the economic and administration systems of Mediterranean and Europe in the Late Bronze Age. This powerful methodology can delineate specific technological characteristics of concurrent vitreous industries and thus define clear-cut production zones. The research will discriminate amongst industries with similar technological traditions but with divergent practices arising from local environments, diverse cultural contexts, functional needs, ideas and beliefs. Given the absence of securely defined remains of glass workshops in the Old World the research is of crucial significance in Mycenaean and prehistoric studies as well as in ancient glass studies.

拟议的项目是对迈锡尼世界的玻璃和相关玻璃质材料的跨学科调查。公元前1600-1050年。本研究以迈锡尼和底比斯宫殿的玻璃工业为重点，主要目的是为玻璃工业的结构和运作提供模型，并比较其生产的技术和经济方面。玻璃作为一种独立的材料在旧世界的技术起源和演变只是模糊地知道。公元前第二个千年中期，中东和埃及出现了成熟的玻璃工业，由于其大规模生产，一直与玻璃器皿的制造有关。尽管如此，迈锡尼的玻璃工业与其当代的玻璃生产中心是分开的，因为玻璃装饰品几乎是独家生产的。迈锡尼玻璃主要是深蓝色和绿松石色，其形式属于典型的迈锡尼珠宝的肖像曲目。尽管通过不同的文化接触，工艺和工业之间的相互作用的证据，考古和在一定程度上，分析证据，已经证明了玻璃工业的独立运作。到目前为止，人们对迈锡尼的玻璃工业是否涉及初级生产几乎没有了解。为了帮助回答这个问题，对迈锡尼和底比斯宫殿玻璃的科学分析将用于探索迈锡尼玻璃技术的进化阶段。为了便于进一步比较，迈锡尼附近的美的卫城和迈锡尼自治领北方周边的遗址、福基斯和洛克里斯、爱奥尼亚群岛以及迈锡尼世界远东的塞浦路斯也将包括在内。选择这些地区是因为玻璃制品的丰富性和多样性，以及它们在青铜时代晚期活跃的商品贸易中的参与。化学和微观结构表征结合有针对性的微量元素分析将被用作表征迈锡尼世界最广泛的年代久远的玻璃制品的原材料的手段。通过识别玻璃原料中的微量元素判别标志，并将其与其地质来源联系起来，可以识别玻璃工业的独立程度。采购原材料，原玻璃，成品玻璃制品将在近东，地中海和欧洲的玻璃工业贸易网络内进行审查。通过追溯迈锡尼宫殿国家和爱琴海城市中心之间更广泛的文化联系，将确定迈锡尼玻璃工业的独立程度。这将进一步解释迈锡尼玻璃在迈锡尼周边或迈锡尼自治领以外的遗址中令人困惑的罕见。此外，玻璃交换的模式将被说明，技术转让和玻璃生产中心之间的工业互动的程度将被强调，并最终，在青铜时代后期地中海和欧洲的经济和行政体系内，玻璃生产和流通的可能垄断的轮廓将被提供。这种强有力的方法可以描绘特定的技术特点，并发玻璃工业，从而确定明确的生产区。该研究将区分具有相似技术传统但因当地环境、不同文化背景、功能需求、思想和信仰而产生不同做法的行业。由于在旧世界没有确定的玻璃作坊遗迹，这项研究在迈锡尼和史前研究以及古代玻璃研究中具有至关重要的意义。