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Legal Practice in Eighteenth-century Scotland

十八世纪苏格兰的法律实践

基本信息

批准号：
AH/J00832X/1
负责人：
John Finlay
金额：
$ 5.3万
依托单位：
University of Glasgow
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2013
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2013 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FJ00832X%2F1
关键词：
Legal Practice Eighteenth century Scotland

项目摘要

This research will focus on the nature and development of legal practice in Scotland in the eighteenth century. This was a crucial period in the development of Scots law. It was a time when Scots lawyers themselves largely developed the law and, in the post-Union context, did so under the influence of legal literature deriving from the common law in England as well as the continental Roman law tradition to which the Scots themselves belonged. This research aims to explore the relationship between lawyers and clients and to look at how the role of lawyers benefited the wider society in Scotland. One theme of the research is the relationship between the centre of Scots law, the Court of Session in Edinburgh, and the role of local law agents across the country. Edinburgh practitioners, writers to the signet and law agents, understood the procedures of the central civil court and were best placed to advise a client, and his local agent, on which advocates to employ for which type of action they intended to bring or defend. The local agent, on the other hand, would deal largely with estate management and might also appear as a procurator in the local sheriff or burgh court. However, there is evidence that the procurators in local courts, who often formed themselves into societies, sought to protect their monopoly and tended only to admit a new member when a place amongst them fell vacant. This was often done with the connivance of the judge, although it was at odds with the development of ideas about unlawful combinations in the workplace and the freedom of any suitably-qualified profession man to follow his profession. Information about the relationships involved between lawyers in acting for a client is generally to be found in surviving legal arguments but also in the private correspondence of lawyers and in the court records themselves. Local courts had a procurator fiscal whose role was to prosecute crime and ensure the maintenance of order. The proposed research will attempt to define more closely the role of the local fiscal through examining local and central records. Use will also be made of the town council records in Edinburgh in order to bring to light the role of the town's procurator fiscal. Advocates acted as assessors to the town council and part of the research will investigate the significance of this office not only for the advocates (many of whom went on to become Court of Session judges) but for the wider populace of the town who clearly had an interest in the quality of decision-making in their local courts at a time when the New Town of Edinburgh was being built. In terms of wider society, the role of lawyers acting for free on behalf of poor persons, which is well-documented for the Court of Session, will also be investigated. This was not restricted to advocates, but included both writers to the signet and, after 1755, law agents who had been admitted to practise in the court. The research being undertaken is therefore multi-faceted. It will uncover a great deal about the relationship between lawyers and their clients in eighteenth-century Scotland. At the same time, it will reveal much about how local groups of lawyers operated and the extent to which they mirrored their practices on national, if Edinburgh-based, organisations such as the Faculty of Advocates and the WS Society whose members formed part of the College of Justice. Since it will be based not simply on court and legal records, but on contemporary private correspondence, it should add significantly to our knowledge of how litigation strategies developed and how lawyers managed their own professional disputes.

本研究将集中于十八世纪苏格兰法律的实践的性质和发展。这是苏格兰法律发展的关键时期。这是一个苏格兰律师自己在很大程度上发展了法律的时代，在后联盟时代，他们是在来自英格兰普通法的法律的文献以及苏格兰人自己所属的大陆罗马法传统的影响下发展法律的。本研究旨在探讨律师与客户之间的关系，并探讨律师的角色如何使苏格兰更广泛的社会受益。研究的一个主题是苏格兰法律中心，爱丁堡最高法院和全国各地地方法律代理人之间的关系。爱丁堡的律师、图章的作者和法律代理人，了解中央民事法院的程序，最适合为客户及其当地代理人提供建议，建议他们为他们打算提起或辩护的诉讼类型雇用辩护人。另一方面，当地代理人主要负责房地产管理，也可能在当地治安官或伯勒法院担任检察官。然而，有证据表明，地方法院的检察官往往组成社团，他们试图保护自己的垄断地位，只有当其中一个职位空缺时，才倾向于接纳新成员。这通常是在法官的纵容下进行的，尽管这与工作场所非法结合的思想发展以及任何合格的专业人员从事其职业的自由不一致。关于代理委托人的律师之间关系的信息，通常可以在现存的法律的论据中找到，但也可以在律师的私人信件和法庭记录中找到。地方法院有一名检察官，其职责是起诉犯罪和确保维持秩序。拟议的研究将试图通过审查地方和中央记录，更密切地界定地方财政的作用。还将利用爱丁堡市理事会的记录，以揭示该市财政检察官的作用。辩护律师担任镇理事会的评审员，部分研究将调查该办公室的重要性，不仅是对辩护律师（其中许多人后来成为最高法院的法官），但对更广泛的市民谁显然有兴趣在当地法院的决策质量时，爱丁堡新城正在建设。在更广泛的社会方面，还将调查律师免费代表穷人的作用，最高民事法院对此有充分的记录。这不仅限于律师，还包括印章的作者，以及1755年后获准在法庭上执业的法律代理人。因此，正在进行的研究是多方面的。本书将揭示18世纪苏格兰律师与其委托人之间的大量关系。与此同时，它将揭示当地律师团体如何运作，以及他们在多大程度上反映了他们的做法对国家，如果总部设在汉堡，组织，如律师学院和WS协会，其成员组成的司法学院的一部分。由于它不仅基于法庭和法律的记录，而且基于当代的私人信件，因此它应该大大增加我们对诉讼策略如何制定以及律师如何管理自己的专业纠纷的了解。