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'Make Do and Mend': A Publishing and Communication History of the Ministry of Information, 1939-45

“凑合”：信息部的出版和传播史，1939-45

基本信息

批准号：
AH/K007505/1
负责人：
Simon Eliot
金额：
$ 99.69万
依托单位：
University of London
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2013
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2013 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FK007505%2F1
关键词：
Make Do Mend Publishing Communication

项目摘要

The Ministry of Information was set up by a democratic society at a point in history when its fundamental values were under serious and immediate threat. It not only dramatised the war of information but also made visible a whole series of networks in the culture of communication that were usually invisible in peace time. The MoI had to adapt rapidly to a series of internal pressures and external circumstances, and did so with limited resources. Its organisation was partly the product of employing what was to hand and, when necessary, improvising: 'Make Do and Mend', therefore, is particularly apt. Located in Senate House, the MoI created a vast amount of publicity material, employing artists, writers, journalists, researchers, and film directors to devise films, radio programmes, posters, books, and exhibitions. The MoI also assisted other ministries in the production and distribution of publicity materials, including the Ministries of Food, Health, the Board of Trade, and the War Office. The MoI also encouraged private firms to publish informational material. The control of paper supply gave the MoI considerable power over a publishing industry suffering from acute shortages. The MoI's Censorship Bureau was responsible for the censorship of newspapers, journals and books. The Bureau required significant intelligence-gathering capacity, and good working relationships with newspapers and publishers. All these procedures were fraught with practical and ethical difficulties created by the exercise of overt censorship in an open society at war with a series of closed societies. As the model for the Ministry of Truth in Orwell's 1984, the MoI's influence continued to reverberate, but not just as metaphor. The difficulties of striking a balance between openness and social cohesion are subjects of fierce debate to this day.The project will address some of the historical and cultural problems raised by the MoI by using the discipline of publishing history which, for the first time, is being applied systematically to government institutions. Publishing history investigates the relationships between author and publisher; between publisher, printer and bookseller; explores the nature of the relationship between reader and book; and also describes the ways in which reading materials survive in libraries and archives to influence the next generation. The complexity and range of our subject however obliges the discipline to move up a gear and embrace the broader subject of which it is a part: communication history. This studies the transport of materials (e.g. pamphlets, posters, handbills, exhibitions) and the transmission of all sorts of information through a wide variety of media (e.g. radio and film).The project will analyse an extensive array of primary resources including materials available at the National Archives (TNA), the Imperial War Museum (IWM), BBC Archives at Caversham, Senate House, and Mass Observation at the University of Sussex. Additionally, this decade is the last in which those who were actively engaged with, or affected by, the MoI during the period will still be alive in significant numbers. There is still the chance to interview them and create an oral history resource that will otherwise be lost to us.In addition to a comprehensive, scholarly history of communication, the project will make all the materials from our investigation available on the Web in the form of 'MoI Digital' which will consist of a virtual archive, containing all the material we have worked on, and a museum that explains MoI by use of striking examples from the archive, 'guided tours', and the facility to create personal collections by 'drag and drop'. The project will thus present its findings in a highly accessible way that will interest teachers, students, journalists, broadcasters as well as large numbers of the general public. Additionally we shall organize a physical exhibition in either Senate House or the Imperial War Museum.

新闻部是一个民主社会在其基本价值受到严重和直接威胁的历史时刻设立的。它不仅使信息战争戏剧化，而且使在和平时期通常不可见的一整套传播文化网络可见。内政部必须在有限的资源下迅速适应一系列内部压力和外部环境。它的组织在一定程度上是利用手头的东西，必要时也会即兴发挥：因此，“凑合凑合”（Make Do and Mend）这个词特别贴切。文化部位于参众两院，制作了大量的宣传材料，聘请艺术家、作家、记者、研究人员和电影导演设计电影、广播节目、海报、书籍和展览。内政部还协助其他部委制作和分发宣传材料，包括食品部、卫生部、贸易局和陆军部。内政部还鼓励私营企业发布信息材料。对纸张供应的控制使文工部对严重短缺的出版行业拥有相当大的权力。内政部审查局负责审查报纸、期刊和书籍。该局需要具备强大的情报收集能力，并与报纸和出版商保持良好的工作关系。所有这些程序都充满了实际和道德上的困难，这是在一个与一系列封闭社会交战的开放社会中进行公开审查所造成的。作为奥威尔《1984》中真理部的原型，内政部的影响继续回响，但不仅仅是隐喻。在开放和社会凝聚力之间取得平衡的困难至今仍是激烈辩论的主题。该项目将利用首次系统地应用于政府机构的出版历史学科，解决文物部提出的一些历史和文化问题。出版史考察作者与出版者之间的关系；出版商、印刷商和书商之间；探究读者与书籍之间关系的本质；并描述了图书馆和档案馆的阅读材料如何影响下一代。然而，我们的主题的复杂性和范围迫使这门学科向前迈进一步，拥抱它所属的更广泛的主题：传播史。它研究材料的运输（如小册子、海报、传单、展览）和通过各种媒体（如广播和电影）传播各种信息。该项目将分析大量的主要资源，包括国家档案馆（TNA）、帝国战争博物馆（IWM）、卡弗舍姆的BBC档案馆、参议院众议院和苏塞克斯大学的群众观察站。此外，这十年是在此期间积极参与或受内政部影响的人仍然大量活着的最后十年。我们仍然有机会采访他们，创造口述历史资源，否则我们将失去这些资源。除了一个全面的、学术性的交流历史外，该项目还将把我们调查所得的所有材料以“MoI数字化”的形式在网上提供，其中包括一个虚拟档案，其中包含我们所研究的所有材料，以及一个博物馆，通过使用档案中引人注目的例子来解释MoI，“导游”，以及通过“拖放”创建个人收藏的设施。因此，该项目将以一种易于获取的方式展示其调查结果，这将引起教师、学生、记者、广播员以及广大公众的兴趣。此外，我们将在参议院或帝国战争博物馆组织一次实物展览。