Apologies for Historical Wrongs: When, How, Why?

为历史错误道歉：何时、如何、为何？

• 批准号: AH/M006239/1
• 负责人: Arman Sarvarian
• 金额: $ 5.54万
• 依托单位: University of Surrey
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2014 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FM006239%2F1
• 关键词: Apologies; Historical; Wrongs; When; How

This project examines the functions and forms of apologies in dispute settlement and reconciliation processes concerning conflicts and traumas of both national and international scale. It challenges the notion of apologies for wrongdoing as providing a terminus to a linear dispute settlement process. It analyses case studies in which the apology, present and absent, forms a focal point in campaigns for recognition, remembrance and/or reconciliation. In connecting its inquiry to anniversaries of apologies in the twenty-first century, it contextualises its critique of linear temporality within the internal logics of apologies that propose a clear beginning and end date for the conflict. The central aim of the project is to harvest data on official apologies and campaigns for official apologies in the 21st century in relation to their functions (why they are made) and modes (when and how). Utilising participant observation and focus group methodologies in addition to a critical review of secondary literature, the project will provide an update and a new critical assessment of the functions and modes of apologies in light of the experiences of the past fourteen years. In the process, its focus upon the role of temporality will probe the rationales (political, legal and sociological) for official apologies for historical wrongs in the contemporary zeitgeist. The project poses the following research questions:1. What are the forms of official apologies in the twenty-first century? a. When and how are apologies made? For example, by what process (political, legal, diplomatic, social) are apologies mandated, by whom are they issued and to whom are they addressed? b. What forms of language do apologies take? Are they connected to reparations or other 'material' redress or stand alone as 'moral' redress?2. What are the functions of official apologies in the twenty-first century? a. Why are they made? What are their ostensible purposes (remedy, reconciliation, commemoration, etc.)? b. How are the apologies received by the addressees? How are they received by those not addressed who felt that they should have been addressed? Are there generational trends or differences in their reception? As indicated in the project title, the project will examine apologies and campaigns for apologies in the twenty-first century (1 January 2001). Not only have apologies become more frequent in recent years but a number of milestones are approaching in relation to campaigns for recognition, apologies and reparation which provide the impetus for this project. Examples of apologies and campaigns in the twenty-first century include: the International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and of the Transatlantic Slave Trade on 25 March 2014, the 100th anniversary on 24 April 2015 of the pogroms against Ottoman Armenians, which are claimed to be 'genocide', the 5th anniversary on 15 June 2015 of the UK Government's apology for Bloody Sunday, and the 10th anniversary of the apology in Argentina on 24 March 2014 for disappeared civilians during the dictatorship.This project will utilise these milestones as catalysts for its inquiry into the functions and modes of apologies. In so doing, its central focus of critiquing the utility of apologies as a linear culmination, termination and/or expiation of wrongdoing will permeate its comparative analysis of these case studies. The project will gather new primary data through participant observation and focus groups at the workshop with external participants, and will compile a database cataloguing the lead up, and reaction, to apologies through desktop analysis of online and archival primary sources such as newspapers, government documents, TRC, witness statements and campaign groups' materials. This will be supported by secondary source analysis and review of current literature on apologies of the past fourteen years.

本项目审查在解决争端和和解过程中道歉的功能和形式，涉及国内和国际规模的冲突和创伤。它挑战了为不法行为道歉为线性争端解决程序提供终点的观念。它分析了一些案例研究，在这些案例研究中，道歉，无论是存在的还是不存在的，都构成了认可、纪念和/或和解运动的焦点。在将其调查与21世纪的道歉周年纪念日联系起来的过程中，它将其对线性时间性的批评置于道歉的内在逻辑中，该逻辑为冲突提出了明确的开始和结束日期。该项目的中心目标是收集21世纪官方道歉和官方道歉运动的数据，这些数据与官方道歉的功能（为什么道歉）和模式（何时和如何道歉）有关。除了对二手文献进行批判性审查外，该项目还将利用参与者观察和焦点小组方法，根据过去14年的经验，对道歉的功能和模式进行更新和新的批判性评估。在此过程中，它对暂时性作用的关注将探讨在当代时代精神中官方为历史错误道歉的理由（政治、法律和社会学）。本项目提出了以下研究问题：1。21世纪的官方道歉有哪些形式？a.何时以及如何道歉？例如，通过什么程序（政治的、法律的、外交的、社会的）要求道歉，由谁发出道歉，向谁道歉？b.道歉用什么语言？它们是与赔偿或其他“物质”补偿有关，还是单独作为“道德”补偿？在21世纪，官方道歉的功能是什么？a.为什么要制作它们？它们表面上的目的是什么（补救、和解、纪念等）？b.收信人如何接受道歉？那些觉得自己应该被称呼但没有被称呼的人是如何接受的？他们的接受有代际趋势或差异吗？如项目标题所示，该项目将研究21世纪（2001年1月1日）的道歉和道歉运动。近年来，不仅道歉变得越来越频繁，而且与承认、道歉和赔偿运动有关的一些里程碑正在接近，这些运动为该项目提供了动力。21世纪的道歉和运动的例子包括：​该项目将利用这些里程碑作为催化剂，探索道歉的功能和模式。在这样做的过程中，它的核心焦点是批评道歉作为错误行为的线性高潮、终止和/或补偿的效用，这将渗透到对这些案例研究的比较分析中。该项目将通过参与者观察和与外部参与者在研讨会上的焦点小组收集新的主要数据，并将通过对在线和档案主要来源（如报纸、政府文件、TRC、证人陈述和运动团体的材料）的桌面分析，编制一个数据库，将道歉的起因和反应编目。这将通过二手资料分析和回顾过去十四年的道歉文献来支持。