Chilean Refugees and the World University Service (HN)

1973年9月11日，皮诺切特将军对智利圣地亚哥市中心总统府拉莫内达的空袭是拉丁美洲当代历史上的一个标志性时刻。它在全球引起了共鸣，标志着萨尔瓦多·阿连德提出的通往社会主义的民主道路的残酷终结。皮诺切特政权是该地区一系列暴力独裁政权之一。1976年，邻国阿根廷的一场政变导致了军事独裁，许多逃离的智利人再次发现自己受到迫害。皮诺切特轰炸莫内达宫的画面动摇了左翼的希望，不仅在美洲，在欧洲也是如此。在20世纪70年代中期至80年代中期，英国组织致力于将智利人从皮诺切特统治下的智利的政治迫害中解救出来，并提供了大量的努力和财政支持。世界大学服务(WUS)是这一进程的核心。该项目旨在建立一个网络，调查世界大学服务处(WUS)在帮助智利逃离政治迫害方面的作用，分析WUS流亡经历的代表性样本，并评估该计划在难民和流亡政策方面的教训。与智利圣地亚哥的记忆与人权博物馆(MMDH)合作，我们将记录和分析这些流亡者的经验记忆，现在他们已经60多岁、70多岁，甚至80多岁，现在这样做还不算太晚。我们的目标是：1.通过加强目前研究不足的智利-英国维度，帮助MMDH扩大他们的流亡记忆收藏；2.通过更多的流亡证词和经历的社会意识，帮助MMDH促进和平与宽容；3.建立一个网络，能够设计和提供一个关于智利流亡英国的更大的口述历史项目；4.拟定与当前相关的潜在政策思考。大多数难民倡议是在相对较短的五年时间内进行评估的。然而，对于逃离皮诺切特政变的智利人来说，一个独特的机会来审视他们长达40年的流亡经历，以及那些流亡回国的人的经历。因此，我们有机会审查和反思为因流亡而失去或正在失去公民的国家制定的长期战略。我们的项目展示了他们如何公开承认这些经历，将它们纳入一个更有凝聚力的社会，并在国家记忆叙事中承认它们。

General Pinochet's aerial bombardment of the Presidential Palace, La Moneda, in the centre of Santiago de Chile on 11 September 1973 was an iconic moment in contemporary Latin American history. It resonated around the globe, signalling a brutal end to Salvador Allende's proposed democratic road to socialism. Pinochet's regime was one of a series of violent dictatorships in the region. In 1976 a coup in neighbouring Argentina led to a military dictatorship where many fleeing Chileans again found themselves persecuted. The images of Pinochet's bombing of the Moneda Palace shook left-wing hopes to the core not only in the Americas but also in Europe. Between the mid 1970s and the mid 1980s, a significant amount of effort and financial support was dedicated by UK organizations to the rescue of Chileans from political persecution in Pinochet's Chile. The World University Service (WUS) was central to this process. Its actions, in conjunction with a number of related organizations, can now be seen as the beginning of co-ordinated refugee policy in the UK.This project aims to establish a network to investigate the role of the World University Service (WUS) in assisting Chileans fleeing political persecution, to analyse a representative sample of WUS exile experiences, and to evaluate the lessons of the program for refugee and exile policy today. Working with the Museo de la Memoria y los Derechos Humanos, or Museum of Memory and Human Rights (MMDH), in Santiago de Chile, we shall record and analyse the experiential memories of these exiles, now in their sixties, seventies and even eighties, before it is too late to do so.Our goals are:1. to assist the MMDH in expanding their collection of exile memories by enhancing a currently understudied Chile-UK dimension;2. to assist the MMDH in promoting peace and tolerance via greater social awareness of exile testimony and experiences;3. to establish a network able to design and deliver a larger, oral history project on Chilean exiles in the UK;4. to draw out potential policy reflections relevant to the present moment.Most refugee initiatives are evaluated within the relatively short time frame of five years. In the case of Chileans fleeing the Pinochet coup, however, a unique opportunity presents itself to examine their experiences of up to four decades of exile, as well as the experiences of those exiles who returned home. We thus have a chance to examine and reflect on long-term strategies for countries that have lost or are losing citizens to exile. Our project demonstrates how they might publicly recognize such experiences, incorporate them into a more cohesive society, and acknowledge them in national memory narratives.