Can We Rebuild the Kasthamandap? Promoting Post-Disaster Rescue Excavations, Salvage and Subsurface Heritage Protection Protocols in Kathmandu

我们可以重建卡萨曼达吗？

• 批准号: AH/P006256/1
• 负责人: Robin Coningham
• 金额: $ 9.52万
• 依托单位: Durham University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2016 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FP006256%2F1
• 关键词: Rebuild; Kasthamandap; Promoting; Post; Disaster

The earthquakes which struck Nepal in 2015 caused a human catastrophe. Not only did they inflict loss of life and livelihoods, they destroyed substantial parts of Kathmandu's unique UNESCO World Heritage site. The monuments of the city were not only ornate structures but were living monuments playing central roles in the daily lives of thousands of Nepalis. Furthermore, their rehabilitation is of economic importance as they represent a major source of foreign currency and employment through tourism. Indeed, the Government of Nepal's 'Cultural Heritage Post-Disaster Needs Assessment 2015' (PDNA) estimates that losses relating to damage and livelihoods amount to over US$23 million. Whilst there is a strong political, social and economic desire to reconstruct rapidly, it is critical that post-disaster rescue archaeology is combined with reconstruction. Indeed, plans to reconstruct temples on existing ruined platforms must first be preceded by a phase of rescue excavations to evaluate the subsurface stability of foundations with detailed recording and scientific analysis as few architectural studies have considered them. These will provide a greater understanding of how monuments developed and facilitate their enhanced rehabilitation and future protection. There is also an imperative for information and data sharing and capacity building as damage has already been inflicted on monuments within the UNESCO World Heritage site during the post-disaster pre-reconstruction phase led by architects and engineers unaware of the heritage beneath their feet.Indeed, having discussed challenges and opportunities with stakeholders in Kathmandu, it is clear that the current focus on the rehabilitation of architectural superstructures has resulted in additional damage to Kathmandu's World Heritage site. This has largely gone unnoticed as it entailed damage to subsurface archaeological heritage, even though this heritage is protected by national legislation. Emergency interventions badly damaged some buildings but, whilst they were driven by recovering the injured and dead, more recent damage relates to non-emergency activities, including engineering contractors cutting exploratory trenches and drilling soil cores, workmen cutting foundations, soldiers deliberately collapsing monuments and engineers dismantling others. All of these events had a common absence of in-situ archaeological recording and the absence of consultation with trained professional archaeologists beforehand.This absence is paralleled in the PDNA 2015, which fails to note the risk to the vulnerable subsurface archaeological heritage from rehabilitation and reconstruction activities. More recent documents, such as the draft 'Conservation Guidelines for Post 2015 Earthquake Rehabilitation: Conservation Guidelines' (CGPERCG2015) recognise this risk but need strengthening. It is worth noting that this situation is common across South Asia and there is a capacity deficit in urban and rescue archaeology, despite being located in a region whose built heritage is prone to risks from both seismic events and rapid urbanisation. Following requests from the Government of Nepal and ICOMOS (Nepal) and responding to AHRC's FoF 'Notice for International Development', our aim is to build on the success of the 'Outstanding' graded AHRC-funded research in Sri Lanka to conduct a practical field training workshop with non-academic collaborators to focus on learning from the evaluation of the foundations of the collapsed Kasthamandap in Kathmandu and as well as on salvaging material to assist post-earthquake plans for its reconstruction and to offer an exemplar for strengthening and disseminating post-disaster subsurface heritage protocols within post-earthquake Kathmandu.

2015年袭击尼泊尔的地震造成了一场人类灾难。他们不仅造成了生命和生计的损失，还摧毁了加德满都独特的联合国教科文组织世界遗产的大部分。这座城市的纪念碑不仅是华丽的建筑，而且是活生生的纪念碑，在成千上万尼泊尔人的日常生活中发挥着核心作用。此外，它们的恢复具有重要的经济意义，因为它们是外汇和通过旅游业创造就业机会的主要来源。事实上，尼泊尔政府的“2015年文化遗产灾后需求评估”（PDNA）估计，与破坏和生计有关的损失超过2300万美元。尽管人们有强烈的政治、社会和经济愿望来迅速重建，但将灾后救援考古与重建结合起来是至关重要的。事实上，在现有的废墟平台上重建寺庙的计划必须首先进行救援挖掘，以评估地基的地下稳定性，并进行详细的记录和科学的分析，因为很少有建筑研究考虑到这一点。这将有助我们更深入了解古迹的发展过程，并促进古迹的修复和日后的保护。信息和数据共享以及能力建设也势在必行，因为在灾后重建阶段，建筑师和工程师对自己脚下的遗产一无所知，已经对联合国教科文组织世界遗产内的纪念碑造成了破坏。事实上，在与加德满都的利益相关者讨论了挑战和机遇之后，很明显，目前对建筑上层建筑修复的关注导致了加德满都世界遗产的进一步破坏。这在很大程度上被忽视了，因为它会损害地下考古遗产，尽管这些遗产受到国家立法的保护。紧急干预措施严重破坏了一些建筑物，但是，虽然这些措施是为了恢复伤者和死者，但最近的破坏与非紧急活动有关，包括工程承包商切割勘探沟和钻土芯、工人切割基础、士兵故意摧毁纪念碑和工程师拆除其他纪念碑。所有这些事件都缺乏现场考古记录，也没有事先咨询受过训练的专业考古学家。这种缺失在PDNA 2015中也有类似的情况，它没有注意到修复和重建活动对脆弱的地下考古遗产的风险。最近的一些文件，如《2015年后地震恢复保护指南草案：保护指南》（CGPERCG2015）认识到了这一风险，但需要加强。值得注意的是，这种情况在南亚很常见，尽管该地区的建筑遗产容易受到地震事件和快速城市化的风险，但在城市和救援考古方面存在能力不足。应尼泊尔政府和ICOMOS（尼泊尔）的要求，并响应人权理事会的FoF“国际发展通知”，我们的目标是在斯里兰卡ahrc资助的“杰出”级研究的成功基础上，与非学术合作者开展一次实用的实地培训研讨会，重点学习加德满都倒塌的kastamandap的基础评估，以及抢救材料以协助震后重建计划，并为震后加强和传播灾后地下遗产协议提供范例加德满都。

项目成果

The antiquity of Jaffna Fort: new evidence from post-disaster archaeological investigations in northern Sri Lanka

贾夫纳堡的古代：斯里兰卡北部灾后考古调查的新证据

• DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2019.30
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Antiquity
• 影响因子: 1.8
• 作者: Davis C

Pilgrimage and procession: temporary gatherings and journeys between the tangible and intangible through the archaeology of South Asia

朝圣与游行：通过南亚考古在有形与无形之间进行临时聚会和旅行

• DOI: 10.1080/00438243.2018.1490199
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: World Archaeology
• 影响因子: 1.3
• 作者: Davis C

Experimental, numerical and field study investigating a heritage structure collapse after the 2015 Gorkha earthquake

• DOI: 10.1007/s11069-020-03871-7
• 发表时间: 2020-02
• 期刊: Natural Hazards
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: Ashutosh Kumar;P. Hughes;V. Sarhosis;D. Toll;S. Wilkinson;R. Coningham;K. P. Acharya;K. Weise;A. Joshi;Christopher Davis;R. B. Kunwar;P. Maskey

Identifying archaeological evidence of past earthquakes in a contemporary disaster scenario: case studies of damage, resilience and risk reduction from the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake and past seismic events within the Kathmandu Valley UNESCO World Heritage Property (Nepal)

识别当代灾难情景中过去地震的考古证据：2015 年廓尔喀地震和加德满都谷地联合国教科文组织世界遗产内过去地震事件的损害、复原力和风险降低的案例研究（尼泊尔）

• DOI: 10.1007/s10950-019-09890-7
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Journal of Seismology
• 影响因子: 1.6
• 作者: Davis C

Evolving Narratives of Hazard and Risk: The Gorkha Earthquake, Nepal, 2015

不断演变的灾害和风险叙述：2015 年尼泊尔廓尔喀地震

• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Coningham RAE