THE HISPANIC-ANGLOSPHERE: TRANSNATIONAL NETWORKS AND GLOBAL COMMUNITIES (18TH - 20TH CENTURIES)

西班牙人和盎格鲁人的世界经常被描绘成西方文化中的该隐和亚伯，彼此敌对和陌生。该项目将通过开发一个新的关键概念框架--“西班牙裔盎格鲁圈”--来挑战这一观点，以研究个人、网络和社区，这些概念使不列颠群岛在18世纪末至20世纪初成为全球拉美裔世界的重要枢纽和西班牙欧洲、非洲、亚洲和美洲之间的桥梁，这一时期标志着全球政治的错位、民族国家的建设和民族主义的兴起。自17世纪60年代以来，不列颠群岛和西班牙语世界的男女之间的直接接触呈指数级增加。早在19世纪20年代南美独立之前，英国和西班牙与美国之间的贸易就增长了约300%至400%。参与这一贸易的许多公司在不列颠群岛、美洲、菲律宾和加那利群岛的不同地点都有分支机构，并由总部设在西班牙的英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰家族经营。18世纪80年代，随着西班牙裔美国革命者的到来，接触进一步增加。拿破仑战争不仅使数以万计的英国人在伊比利亚作战，还鼓励一些人在西班牙和后来的美洲西班牙加入正规和非正规部队，从而在国际旅在西班牙内战(1936-1939)成名之前很久就开始了英国个人参与拉美裔冲突的趋势。这些外籍人士中的许多人要么去世了，要么决定在国外定居。一些人回国，带着妻子和孩子，以及他们帮助普及的外国商品、礼仪和习俗。同样，在1814年波旁专制主义恢复后，数百名西班牙难民涌入不列颠群岛，经常与西班牙裔美国领导人相遇，在建立新民族的微妙事务中寻求帮助。学者们对其中一些案例进行了研究，但主要是从国家角度或从“西班牙-英国”或“拉丁美洲-英国”关系的角度进行研究，往往将英国的经验局限在伦敦的范围内，从而没有留下多少空间来研究在更广泛的地区以及跨越国家和地区边界开展活动的个人、问题和事业。在这个项目中，来自英国、爱尔兰、欧洲大陆、美洲和俄罗斯的历史学家将与其他学科的学者和非学术合作伙伴一起，研究那些在不列颠群岛与西班牙裔世界密切接触的人，无论他们的出生、宗教或政治忠诚如何，以及那些从西班牙裔世界来到不列颠群岛任何地方的游客、流亡者和/或移民。需要解决的一个关键问题是，这些个人和网络如何配合和/或抵消对人员、思想、货物和资本流动施加的日益严格的限制。该网络将与国民信托丁茨菲尔德基金会合作，后者是马德里出生的商人威廉·吉布斯创立的庄严豪宅，他的大部分财富来自西班牙葡萄酒和秘鲁海鸟粪的进口。将在遗产丰富的物质文化收藏的背景下举行学术讨论，目的是为改进和扩大它们的解释做出贡献。该项目将通过一个在线互动平台运作，该平台将作为学者交流的东道主，并展示网络研究产生的同行评议材料，如工作文件和在线展览。计划在温彻斯特和新界廷茨菲尔德举办两个为期三天的讲习班。将通过与公众以及大众和社交媒体的不同预定会议来检验和传播专业知识，从而鼓励与学术界以外更广泛的受众进行对话。

The Hispanic and Anglo worlds are often portrayed as the Cain and Abel of the Western culture, antagonistic and alien to each other. This project will challenge this view by developing a new critical conceptual framework - the 'Hispanic-Anglosphere' - to study individuals, networks and communities that made of the British Isles a crucial hub for the global Hispanic world and a bridge between Spanish Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas during the late eighteenth to early twentieth centuries, a period marked by the dislocation of global polities, nation-state building and the rise of nationalism. Direct contact between women and men of the British Isles and those of the Spanish-speaking world increased exponentially from the 1760s. Trade between Britain and Spanish America rose by about 300 to 400 per cent long before South American independence in the 1820s. A good number of companies involved in this trade had branches in different locations of the British Isles, the Americas, the Philippines, in the Canary Islands, and were run by English, Scottish and Irish families based in Spain. Contact further increased in the 1780s with the arrival to these shores of Spanish American revolutionaries. The Napoleonic wars not only took tens of thousands of Britons to fight in Iberia, also encouraged a few to join regular e irregular forces in Spain and later in Spanish America, thus starting a trend of British personal involvement in Hispanic conflicts long before the International Brigades made its name in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39). Many of these expats either died or decided to settle abroad. A few returned home, bringing wives and children, as well as foreign goods, manners and customs which they helped to popularize. Similarly, hundreds of Spanish refugees flocked to the British Isles after the restoration of Bourbon absolutism in 1814, often crossing paths with Spanish American leaders in search for assistance in the delicate business of new-nation state building. Scholars have studied some of these cases, but mainly from national perspectives or in terms of either 'Spanish-British' or 'Latin American-British' relations, often reducing the British experience to the confines of London, thus leaving little room for the study of persons, issues and undertakings that operated in wider areas and both through and beyond national and regional boundaries. In this project, historians from the UK, Ireland, continental Europe, the Americas and Russia, jointly with scholars from other disciplines and non-academic partners, will study those people who in the British Isles were closely engaged with the Hispanic world, regardless of their birth, religion or political allegiance as well as of those who came from the Hispanic world to any point of the British Isles as visitors, exiles and/or migrants. A key question to be addressed is how these individuals and networks worked with and/or counteracted growing restrictions imposed on the movement of people, ideas, goods and capital. The network will work in partnership with the National Trust Tyntesfield, the stately home founded by the Madrid-born merchant William Gibbs who built much of his fortune on the importation of Spanish wine and Peruvian guano. Scholarly discussions will be held in the context of the estate's rich collection of material culture with the intention of contributing to improving and extending their interpretation. The project will operate through an online interactive platform that will serve to host scholars' exchanges and to showcase peer-reviewed material generated as a result of the networks' research such as working papers and an online exhibition. Two three-day workshops are planned to take place in Winchester and in NT Tyntesfield. Expert knowledge will be tested and disseminated through discrete scheduled meetings with the general public and through mass and social media, thus encouraging dialogue with wider audiences outside academic circles.