Interdisciplinary approach for the management and conservation of UNESCO World Heritage Site of Historic Cairo. Application to Al-Ashraf Street.

埃及考古遗址非常丰富。这些网站为旅游业做出了重大贡献，旅游业是埃及经济的主要收入来源之一。然而，由于人口增长、城市化、污染、自然灾害等日益增长的威胁，这些遗址的管理和保护是一项具有挑战性的任务。这些威胁导致这些遗址逐渐恶化，从而造成重大经济损失。跨学科管理是保护这些遗址的基础，特别是在处理大片区域时，如开罗历史古迹，其中包含600多座已列入清单的历史建筑。然而，不幸的是，开罗历史古迹遭受以下问题：1)历史建筑以惊人的速度恶化；2)遗址管理不善；3)当地社区丧失权力，从而剥夺了他们作为遗产的主要利益攸关方和受益者的作用；4)基础设施恶化，导致生活质量下降，阻碍社会经济增长；5)历史建筑内地下水位上升；6)缺乏废物管理计划；7)遗产遗址的安全和保护不力，导致滥用、拆毁、错误修复和非法建筑活动等侵入历史建筑；8)缺乏与其历史建筑的结构评估、安全评估和健康监测有关的研究；最后，9)缺乏修复后历史建筑的适应性再利用计划。所有这些问题都集中在Al-Ashraf街道及其历史结构中，这使得它成为本研究应用的理想选择。这条街道长约600米，从Al-Sayeda Nafisa广场附近开始，到Ahmed Ibn Tolon街的十字路口结束。它包含8座历史建筑，主要可以追溯到法蒂玛王朝(969-1171)和马穆鲁克(1250-1517)时期，主要由石头和砖砌成；其中有Al-Ashraf Khalil、Fatma Khatun和Shajar Al-Durr的圆顶。具体地说，阿什拉夫·哈利勒和法特玛·哈顿的两个圆顶正在遭受一系列问题，如果不采取行动计划加以保护，它们可能会完全消失。本项目提出的研究将对先前为保护历史开罗而进行的研究起到很大的补充作用。2010年，联合国教科文组织世界遗产中心发起了城市历史开罗再生项目(URHC)，以协助埃及政府管理联合国教科文组织开罗历史遗产地。URHC项目于2014年完成，涉及整个历史悠久的开罗。因此，其广泛和广泛的规模无法进行详细的研究，如与地下水研究、结构方面、健康监测和具体保护计划有关的研究，这些都在本提案中涉及。相比之下，2011年1月25日革命后的违法行为、住房修复等方面在本提案中没有给予主要关注。不过，拟议的研究将直接利用市建局研究的结果和建议，特别是在使用地理信息系统作为管理工具、对当地人口进行调查和处理废物管理问题方面。重要的是，只关注开罗历史街区内的一条街道将有助于制定详细的保护和干预方法，其中包括分类的结构、地下水、废物管理和针对社区的解决方案。

Egypt is very rich with archaeological sites. These sites contribute significantly to the tourism industry which is one of the main income sources for the Egyptian economy. However, the management and conservation of these sites is a challenging task due to the ever-increasing threats such as population growth, urbanization, pollution, natural hazards, among others. These threats result in the gradual deterioration of these sites, and hence results in significant economic losses. Interdisciplinary management is fundamental to the conservation of these sites, particularly when dealing with large areas such as Historic Cairo which contains more than 600 listed historical structures. Unfortunately, however, Historic Cairo suffers from the following: 1) deterioration of its historical structures at an alarming rate; 2) poor site management; 3) disempowerment of local communities, thus depriving them of their role as main stakeholders and beneficiaries of heritage; 4) deteriorated infrastructure resulting in decrease in quality of life and hampering socio-economic growth; 5) rising of groundwater level inside historical structures; 6) absence of plans for waste management; 7) poor security and safeguard of heritage sites resulting in trespassing on historical structures by misuse, demolition, wrong restorations, illegal construction activities, and so forth; 8) lack of studies related to structural assessment, safety evaluation and health monitoring of its historical structures; and finally 9) absence of plans for adaptive re-use of historical structures after restoration. All these problems are epitomized in Al-Ashraf street and its historical structures which makes it an ideal choice for the application of this study. The street is about 600m long starting near to Al-Sayeda Nafisa square and ending at the intersection with Ahmed Ibn Tolon street. It contains 8 historical structures dating back mainly to the Fatimid (969-1171) and Mamluk (1250-1517) periods and constructed primarily from stone and brick masonry; among them are the Domes of Al-Ashraf Khalil, Fatma Khatun and Shajar Al-Durr. In specific, the two domes of Al-Ashraf Khalil and Fatma Khatun are suffering from a series problems that may lead to their total loss if no action plans would be taken to conserve them.The research proposed in this project will be highly complementary to previous studies carried out for the conservation of Historic Cairo. In 2010, the URHC (Urban Regeneration of Historic Cairo) (urhcproject.org) was launched by the UNESCO-WHC to assist the Egyptian government in the management of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Historic Cairo. The URHC project, which was completed in 2014, was concerned with the whole of Historic Cairo. Its wide and overarching scale therefore did not enable detailed studies such as those related to groundwater studies, structural aspects, health monitoring and specific conservation plans, which are all dealt with in this proposal, to be addressed. In contrast, aspects such crafts, violations after the revolution of 25 January 2011, housing rehabilitations, are not given primary focus in this proposal. The proposed research will however make direct use of the findings and recommendations of the URHC study, particularly in terms of using GIS as a management tool, conducting surveys on the local population, and addressing the problem of waste management. Importantly, focusing on only one street within Historic Cairo will enable detailed conservation and intervention methodologies which incorporate disaggregated structural, groundwater, waste management and community-specific solutions to be developed.