Interdisciplinary approach for the management and conservation of UNESCO World Heritage Site of Historic Cairo. Application to Al-Ashraf Street.

埃及拥有丰富的考古遗址。这些景点为旅游业做出了重大贡献，旅游业是埃及经济的主要收入来源之一。然而，由于人口增长、城市化、污染、自然灾害等威胁不断增加，这些遗址的管理和保护是一项具有挑战性的任务。这些威胁导致这些场址的状况逐渐恶化，从而造成重大经济损失。跨学科的管理是保护这些遗址的基础，特别是在处理像开罗历史遗址这样包含600多个已列入名录的历史建筑的大区域时。然而，不幸的是，历史开罗受到以下问题的困扰：1）其历史结构以惊人的速度恶化; 2）遗址管理不善; 3）当地社区被剥夺权力，从而剥夺了他们作为遗产主要利益相关者和受益者的作用; 4）基础设施恶化，导致生活质量下降，阻碍了社会经济增长; 5）历史建筑内地下水位上升; 6）缺乏废物管理计划; 7）遗产地安全和保护不力，导致滥用、拆除、错误拆除、非法建筑活动等侵入历史建筑; 8）缺乏对历史建筑物的结构评估、安全评估和健康监测的研究; 9）缺乏对历史建筑物修复后的适应性再利用的计划。阿什拉夫街及其历史建筑集中体现了这些问题，使其成为本研究应用的理想选择。这条街道长约600米，从Al-Sayeda Nafisa广场附近开始，在与Ahmed Ibn Tolon街的交叉口结束。它包含8个历史建筑，主要可以追溯到法蒂玛（969-1171）和马穆鲁克（1250-1517）时期，主要由石头和砖砌成;其中包括Al-Ashraf Khalil，Fatma Khatun和Shajar Al-Durr的圆顶。具体来说，阿什拉夫·哈利勒和法蒂玛·卡顿的两座圆顶建筑正遭受着一系列问题的困扰，如果不采取行动保护它们，可能会导致它们的完全丧失。本项目提出的研究将是对以前为保护历史开罗而进行的研究的高度补充。2010年，联合国教科文组织-世界遗产中心启动了URHC（历史开罗城市再生）（urhcproject.org），以协助埃及政府管理联合国教科文组织世界遗产开罗历史遗址。URHC项目于2014年完成，涉及整个历史开罗。因此，其广泛和全面的规模无法进行详细的研究，例如与地下水研究、结构方面、健康监测和具体保护计划有关的研究，这些都在本提案中涉及。相比之下，手工业、2011年1月25日革命后的侵权行为、住房修复等方面在本提案中没有得到重点关注。不过，拟议的研究会直接利用市区重建及海港中心研究的结果和建议，特别是利用地理信息系统作为管理工具、对当地人口进行调查，以及处理废物管理问题。重要的是，只关注历史开罗内的一条街道将能够制定详细的保护和干预方法，其中包括分类结构，地下水，废物管理和社区特定的解决方案。

Egypt is very rich with archaeological sites. These sites contribute significantly to the tourism industry which is one of the main income sources for the Egyptian economy. However, the management and conservation of these sites is a challenging task due to the ever-increasing threats such as population growth, urbanization, pollution, natural hazards, among others. These threats result in the gradual deterioration of these sites, and hence results in significant economic losses. Interdisciplinary management is fundamental to the conservation of these sites, particularly when dealing with large areas such as Historic Cairo which contains more than 600 listed historical structures. Unfortunately, however, Historic Cairo suffers from the following: 1) deterioration of its historical structures at an alarming rate; 2) poor site management; 3) disempowerment of local communities, thus depriving them of their role as main stakeholders and beneficiaries of heritage; 4) deteriorated infrastructure resulting in decrease in quality of life and hampering socio-economic growth; 5) rising of groundwater level inside historical structures; 6) absence of plans for waste management; 7) poor security and safeguard of heritage sites resulting in trespassing on historical structures by misuse, demolition, wrong restorations, illegal construction activities, and so forth; 8) lack of studies related to structural assessment, safety evaluation and health monitoring of its historical structures; and finally 9) absence of plans for adaptive re-use of historical structures after restoration. All these problems are epitomized in Al-Ashraf street and its historical structures which makes it an ideal choice for the application of this study. The street is about 600m long starting near to Al-Sayeda Nafisa square and ending at the intersection with Ahmed Ibn Tolon street. It contains 8 historical structures dating back mainly to the Fatimid (969-1171) and Mamluk (1250-1517) periods and constructed primarily from stone and brick masonry; among them are the Domes of Al-Ashraf Khalil, Fatma Khatun and Shajar Al-Durr. In specific, the two domes of Al-Ashraf Khalil and Fatma Khatun are suffering from a series problems that may lead to their total loss if no action plans would be taken to conserve them.The research proposed in this project will be highly complementary to previous studies carried out for the conservation of Historic Cairo. In 2010, the URHC (Urban Regeneration of Historic Cairo) (urhcproject.org) was launched by the UNESCO-WHC to assist the Egyptian government in the management of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Historic Cairo. The URHC project, which was completed in 2014, was concerned with the whole of Historic Cairo. Its wide and overarching scale therefore did not enable detailed studies such as those related to groundwater studies, structural aspects, health monitoring and specific conservation plans, which are all dealt with in this proposal, to be addressed. In contrast, aspects such crafts, violations after the revolution of 25 January 2011, housing rehabilitations, are not given primary focus in this proposal. The proposed research will however make direct use of the findings and recommendations of the URHC study, particularly in terms of using GIS as a management tool, conducting surveys on the local population, and addressing the problem of waste management. Importantly, focusing on only one street within Historic Cairo will enable detailed conservation and intervention methodologies which incorporate disaggregated structural, groundwater, waste management and community-specific solutions to be developed.